tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27243483063405282882024-03-13T12:40:58.788+08:00Kemahiran HidupHUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-32517694656170085662012-01-10T15:03:00.001+08:002012-01-10T15:05:01.108+08:00MERIBET<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">- Ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">tidak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">sesuai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">digunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">mencantum</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">papan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> lapis </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">perspek</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">kerana</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">menghasilkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">cantuman</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">lemah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">menyebabkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">bahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">tersebut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">rosak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">atau</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">pecah.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">- Saiz</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">digunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">harus</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">sesuai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">ketebalan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">hendak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dicantumkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Kepingan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">nipis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">sesuai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dicantumkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">menggunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">saiz</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">batang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">lebih</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">kecil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">- Alat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">digunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">meribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">dipanggil</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">Rivetter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BLdaZSBCGSUilEnUUQQMqKq6iDofSl8Ul5nVN-wxX_XDO5932eTDOgMQ-Aoss0gxtO0Fl4KFkIe1-fxiV42L3qlxWXWa3wlErXwwoVYw2mUnmHxw1oWXGzK0yadJy7SK3l9X6EUWcZw/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7BLdaZSBCGSUilEnUUQQMqKq6iDofSl8Ul5nVN-wxX_XDO5932eTDOgMQ-Aoss0gxtO0Fl4KFkIe1-fxiV42L3qlxWXWa3wlErXwwoVYw2mUnmHxw1oWXGzK0yadJy7SK3l9X6EUWcZw/s200/Picture2.png" width="167" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ndCs8vxyqy8sJj0aV0TdN93cnWhk206WLuzM474gTT7uIx1tHFybTSKBYRfv8PimpgLvb_LZU6IH6_Wj1g2DrusHhWyih_NBQc7f31Ibztuk5PPEA2jgTiU52LPu8Z4D5qypvGjeu1o/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ndCs8vxyqy8sJj0aV0TdN93cnWhk206WLuzM474gTT7uIx1tHFybTSKBYRfv8PimpgLvb_LZU6IH6_Wj1g2DrusHhWyih_NBQc7f31Ibztuk5PPEA2jgTiU52LPu8Z4D5qypvGjeu1o/s400/Picture1.png" width="400" /> </a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a name='more'></a><br />
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<div style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: small;">PROSES MERIVET</span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Tandakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">lu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">bang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">pa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">da</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">bahagian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">kepingan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">hendak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dicantumkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> marker.</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX6_ybgSI6Eyzmqj0K0w7fPNvvUDB7nNq5gJRdb7tAFpxBB4DXscFAXB4EJOVeeBs_bBqGt_3t5pd9SjsAK3nTWhssyvG9aMj7vla6wOJTSLH7nEW6OzQqzHsJv8CdW_UObEe2M1wiZLM/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX6_ybgSI6Eyzmqj0K0w7fPNvvUDB7nNq5gJRdb7tAFpxBB4DXscFAXB4EJOVeeBs_bBqGt_3t5pd9SjsAK3nTWhssyvG9aMj7vla6wOJTSLH7nEW6OzQqzHsJv8CdW_UObEe2M1wiZLM/s320/Picture3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">2. Kemudian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">tandakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">penebuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">pada</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">kepingan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Gunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">bongkah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">kayu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">mengalas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">kepingan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">hendak</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">ditandakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"></span> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVLjWbVnjawK31XMaOj7iOQgmdbs8zCXSrZXmcTJ755E1PfxifDFnrCmE1lNvtO7EzUF1zxFCrXL1HCfKEmixlSNVJ_-xTIyvZMaZZz1HPEvOHnwPDdoQcWv-QieGP6_xszG9eLrVqIpk/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVLjWbVnjawK31XMaOj7iOQgmdbs8zCXSrZXmcTJ755E1PfxifDFnrCmE1lNvtO7EzUF1zxFCrXL1HCfKEmixlSNVJ_-xTIyvZMaZZz1HPEvOHnwPDdoQcWv-QieGP6_xszG9eLrVqIpk/s320/Picture4.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> 3. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Apit</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">playar</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">cengkam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">ragum</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Tebuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">mata</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">gerudi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">sesuai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">saiz</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">garis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">pusat</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">batang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">.</span> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9up70TxgYgJpLISpQBomqc5aGed9ofp0b8rrhA2auWGUVSC_eXCYK5vMH2EZOCH9Eh3U9Q7PmpJZ_PaT_i2aqW0Yk_mggphmCxDXGnpz1pP8KLY7GR1UiuKg_zEZk126s2eoC69NdEg/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH9up70TxgYgJpLISpQBomqc5aGed9ofp0b8rrhA2auWGUVSC_eXCYK5vMH2EZOCH9Eh3U9Q7PmpJZ_PaT_i2aqW0Yk_mggphmCxDXGnpz1pP8KLY7GR1UiuKg_zEZk126s2eoC69NdEg/s320/Picture5.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">4. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Masukkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">aluminium</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">rapatkan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">kepingan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">logam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">menggunakan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">rivetter</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Pastikan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">muncung</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> riveter </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">sesuai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dengan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">dawai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">ribet</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qDt1C70EwxbL7bHgBD5QGJ1qhKYl3Fl0k8uGw-H57aQ-vXXLioPd4Xv0saJqG6XnofG8SDaPbCzz6KeajVqX6CyeDtuu0YohYgL4y7oGf8yohGBEMZpKUhUs5gIvcEQTd-xn4IGzCPk/s1600/Picture6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6qDt1C70EwxbL7bHgBD5QGJ1qhKYl3Fl0k8uGw-H57aQ-vXXLioPd4Xv0saJqG6XnofG8SDaPbCzz6KeajVqX6CyeDtuu0YohYgL4y7oGf8yohGBEMZpKUhUs5gIvcEQTd-xn4IGzCPk/s320/Picture6.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.38in; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in; unicode-bidi: embed; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;"></span></span>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-10651233770448289432011-03-10T01:09:00.003+08:002011-03-16T15:02:03.376+08:00Jenis-Jenis Sambungan Kimpalan<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black;">Terdapat pelbagai jenis sambungan kimpalan yang digunakan dalam industri kimpalan.</span><b> </b><br />
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<b>1-Jenis-jenis sambungan asas kimpal</b></div><div class="MsoNormal">Terdapat 5 jenis sambungan asas yang digunakan dalam kerja kimpalan mengikut piawaian American Welding Society (AWS).</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">1) </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">Sambungan temu</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmjXoZRO0tKJMIxJP2qAi5lrTBH_Po8wP3e_lAOgzJzthNa0gQL1x9hohTnnm5j3LdGXrbHLtEQ_Y_qOh1DD2UZp-7fECNZqjRCvBw4PBZi708XrZucPr2sd2p9BIi07E1DrosbPfmzk/s1600/indegx.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmjXoZRO0tKJMIxJP2qAi5lrTBH_Po8wP3e_lAOgzJzthNa0gQL1x9hohTnnm5j3LdGXrbHLtEQ_Y_qOh1DD2UZp-7fECNZqjRCvBw4PBZi708XrZucPr2sd2p9BIi07E1DrosbPfmzk/s1600/indegx.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">2) </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">Sambungan kambi tee</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;"> 3) </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">Sambungan lekap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;"> 4) </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">Sambungan penjuru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: magenta;">5) </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">Sambungan tepi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b>2-Jenis-jenis kimpalan</b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red;">Kimpalan permukaan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">Kimpalan jenis ini mengandungi 1 atau lebih rangkaian yang ditimbunkan pada permukaan logam. Kimpalan permukaan logam dibuat untuk memperolehi sifat atau ukuran yang dikehendaki.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;">Kimpalan kambi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk kimpalan kambi adalah lebih kurang segitiga jika dilihat muka keratin lintangnya. Kimpalan ini menyambungkan dua permukaan logam pada sudut-sudut tepat antara satu sama lain pada sambungan Tee, sambungan penjuru atau sambungan lekap.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJvWoHf4WNFThnRjTZQKHlISoTg8uEIQw5zyg9su6gTrpdWyTYTGWLmU07J7J1OPjmVw4VvjS0_wKEJ13TOC_9q4TnSz5epBrtJFFXT8GUDk2qJperZPXM5JV3QukVpI6IjahB-yDL7lk/s1600/07032011142.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJvWoHf4WNFThnRjTZQKHlISoTg8uEIQw5zyg9su6gTrpdWyTYTGWLmU07J7J1OPjmVw4VvjS0_wKEJ13TOC_9q4TnSz5epBrtJFFXT8GUDk2qJperZPXM5JV3QukVpI6IjahB-yDL7lk/s320/07032011142.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red;">Kimpalan lurah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Kimpalan lurah dibuat di dalam lurah di antara dua keeping logam yang hendakdisambungkan. Kimpalan jenis ini sesuai digunakan untuk mengimpal sambungan temu segi, temu V tunggal dan berganda (V, U, J dan V, U, J berganda).</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVLgHQaqKy6JjuwbnVJfdclXtlBio1Vl6UZszVQ8S2rrzAmrXvYx1VU4m08uP5YtEt-oBicRtgiSUBLr8nNnrBnAjZOJW5LJD_A_KAXSLvwaTAbsR0l93J6yLI256x11JDNVnsz4RnXw/s1600/07032011143+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXVLgHQaqKy6JjuwbnVJfdclXtlBio1Vl6UZszVQ8S2rrzAmrXvYx1VU4m08uP5YtEt-oBicRtgiSUBLr8nNnrBnAjZOJW5LJD_A_KAXSLvwaTAbsR0l93J6yLI256x11JDNVnsz4RnXw/s320/07032011143+%25281%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: red; text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Kimpalan lubang alur dan kimpalan palam</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Kimpalan ini digunakan bagi menyambungkan dua keeping logam yang berlapis. Proses kimpalan dilakukan melalui lubang bulat atau lubang alur. Biasanya kimpalan ini digunakan bagi menggantikan ribet, bolt dan nat.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcO2E5MokNfEscDLIDIadc1jVdOdbSDcuwX6hj2zqOFGM9AKSSM-4ORdwGF9RqO_mzayWuxRr6qgpadeyf7du-10Ko0BG-fOFKk0NcsGEGepoYigYe5WjoynLssrHSsV4p6EWuWNRO7A/s1600/07032011143.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZcO2E5MokNfEscDLIDIadc1jVdOdbSDcuwX6hj2zqOFGM9AKSSM-4ORdwGF9RqO_mzayWuxRr6qgpadeyf7du-10Ko0BG-fOFKk0NcsGEGepoYigYe5WjoynLssrHSsV4p6EWuWNRO7A/s320/07032011143.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><b>3-Jenis sambungan kimpal</b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red;">Sambungan temu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Pada sambungan jenis ini, proses pengimpalan dilakukan diantara dua tepi permukaan logam yang hendak disambungkan. Sambungan temu segi atai serong boleh digunakan mengikut ketebalan logam. Tersebut beberapa jenis sambungan temu :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan segi tiga<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-Agrg8kcQKqcigQ7VK3JEIt4MVDBtyjfaG4KKL-KLcIOex3-sPVWYP6FwwLL3DaCIh3XU23ShNJ-KyIvWStLr874Q28Y02XVBrKyvyBaiDaivMstqcmGtOrh6XQ3YaKbtTvvBq-CZ3k/s1600/DSC02034.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC-Agrg8kcQKqcigQ7VK3JEIt4MVDBtyjfaG4KKL-KLcIOex3-sPVWYP6FwwLL3DaCIh3XU23ShNJ-KyIvWStLr874Q28Y02XVBrKyvyBaiDaivMstqcmGtOrh6XQ3YaKbtTvvBq-CZ3k/s200/DSC02034.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan temu V berganda<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh06OLc5m7gE3bSi7MazLTNQcqEFveNroYQVFXhtPc3LAd2FPZSutMYgs7Ehk8UPa5d-IYIUpBM0MEZxw8p4q1nq53J2ibgkhiSwXIHcqSSUED9IIKcnYzdUnRnhpL6QOHBChNTdw_frmU/s1600/DSC02035.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh06OLc5m7gE3bSi7MazLTNQcqEFveNroYQVFXhtPc3LAd2FPZSutMYgs7Ehk8UPa5d-IYIUpBM0MEZxw8p4q1nq53J2ibgkhiSwXIHcqSSUED9IIKcnYzdUnRnhpL6QOHBChNTdw_frmU/s200/DSC02035.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan temu U tunggal</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan temu U berganda</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red;">Sambungan kambi tee</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Sambungan Tee di buat dengan menyambungkan bahagian tepi sesuatu kepingan pada permukaan lain pada kedudukan tegak (bersudut 90). Sambungan kambi logam Tee boleh dibuat untuk menyambungkan logam yang mempunyai sebarang ketebalan. Di bawah adalah jenis-jenis sambungan Kambi tee.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan kambi tee segi tunggal.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan kambi Tee serong.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7nHnozz-mQLua0MUVnf0r9Vkh-9h5VfXkhYB-MWMup23HGqyVWzGU6PL8v_f_BWznZ2ES3avQHf-Az9LuxAeTOX2jNWafzVeBlhTULdJylLFDlnq5G897TGbxISSAe2_nePhWVO3NRzM/s1600/07032011141.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7nHnozz-mQLua0MUVnf0r9Vkh-9h5VfXkhYB-MWMup23HGqyVWzGU6PL8v_f_BWznZ2ES3avQHf-Az9LuxAeTOX2jNWafzVeBlhTULdJylLFDlnq5G897TGbxISSAe2_nePhWVO3NRzM/s200/07032011141.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan kambi Tee serong berganda.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan kambi Tee-J tunggal<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlvZlXjImPULXzpJSYRl23sqdO1xEeOxMyMHtMk6cWrNBR3ar1Ee6rNwnq0Awm7szi4M-YNjVkI2qnhhxjk4X16chJEtgH3AMPcXdpZ8zNIKs6hPci4SnQTX58ntWjWbZ3Y2P0eq1IiPs/s1600/07032011139.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlvZlXjImPULXzpJSYRl23sqdO1xEeOxMyMHtMk6cWrNBR3ar1Ee6rNwnq0Awm7szi4M-YNjVkI2qnhhxjk4X16chJEtgH3AMPcXdpZ8zNIKs6hPci4SnQTX58ntWjWbZ3Y2P0eq1IiPs/s200/07032011139.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan kambi Tee-J berganda.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfbpTwl8DRL4qHpYzRdWT2_b6MAJahvNZHBt3c9fHiRumUvGKU6knDgv1xLZrUpYjwpGlFpZ7K_Ef782HPgnq6tjDVmE5ibWpkZnHZ_oQj2D9Ia7kzDC0cWhMYVH2-5_UBQyDTjZkgN4/s1600/DSC02038.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnfbpTwl8DRL4qHpYzRdWT2_b6MAJahvNZHBt3c9fHiRumUvGKU6knDgv1xLZrUpYjwpGlFpZ7K_Ef782HPgnq6tjDVmE5ibWpkZnHZ_oQj2D9Ia7kzDC0cWhMYVH2-5_UBQyDTjZkgN4/s200/DSC02038.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: red;">Sambungan lekap</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Sambungan lekap dibuat dengan melapiskan kepingan logam. Sambungan ini merupakan salah satu jenis sambungan yang kukuh. Sambungan menjadi lebih berkesan jika ukuran lebar lekapnya dibuat lebih daripada tiga kali ukuran tebal logam yang disambungkan. Dua jenis sambungan lekap ialah :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan lekap kambi tunggal</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKE9HZCXbsshh9ZVB5KIgZ9KsYmdsrG9gHavhKUOzIAEzuUctjgdJEDyqbZHMuvO9fUbvrsXTPFi5lyP4_odxQRR2ns23-hpwEZXqaTnnECH3zEOxHzephkkniMEjtCoM8pgDHSX5KNbA/s1600/DSC02041.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKE9HZCXbsshh9ZVB5KIgZ9KsYmdsrG9gHavhKUOzIAEzuUctjgdJEDyqbZHMuvO9fUbvrsXTPFi5lyP4_odxQRR2ns23-hpwEZXqaTnnECH3zEOxHzephkkniMEjtCoM8pgDHSX5KNbA/s200/DSC02041.JPG" width="200" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan lekap kambi berganda.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQz7sUq6-KiErxZq4S-fF97e2UNHf1PF-FbzHkQDGk2KEdUUCEDCh7-7KPZHAH5zQeV2KoTlEG6n650rV4qJtAB69JmDJgBZc8pOW3I6flYy6vID4Ac_hMaKcpfIHCgM_wZHF3xWramHk/s1600/DSC02042.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="66" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQz7sUq6-KiErxZq4S-fF97e2UNHf1PF-FbzHkQDGk2KEdUUCEDCh7-7KPZHAH5zQeV2KoTlEG6n650rV4qJtAB69JmDJgBZc8pOW3I6flYy6vID4Ac_hMaKcpfIHCgM_wZHF3xWramHk/s200/DSC02042.JPG" width="200" /></a></div><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="color: red;">Sambungan penjuru</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Sambungan penjuru kerap digunakan di dalam kerja menyambungkan kepingan logam yang tidak menanggung beban lampau. Empat jenis sambungan penjuru adalah :</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan penjuru rapat terbuka.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan penjuru separuh.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA8szXDb0nZULAzNUI0hUTWI7PNJK-oWN7CrXH4l-hRHAUVtFf8lI9O9nYrC_F7b9ZLOjnNjgwWY64JYGK043f3PSnrAo_Hg8SEHF3gQDj0E4EWvxEUknJjRS9Ksm36UaxZ8hSrAjjako/s1600/DSC02044.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA8szXDb0nZULAzNUI0hUTWI7PNJK-oWN7CrXH4l-hRHAUVtFf8lI9O9nYrC_F7b9ZLOjnNjgwWY64JYGK043f3PSnrAo_Hg8SEHF3gQDj0E4EWvxEUknJjRS9Ksm36UaxZ8hSrAjjako/s200/DSC02044.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan penjuru terbuka<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsHLjuhPaod9W_JOTHERYTOMCSFASdHiP9-p3UszVbJk5EbDO-FnpR6t-PCUHtRsvF5VzYbpe9ZXaee_SMkK3Q5qGzq5eybklCV2h40UJzFhhdwkjd3IifnCedhuUzGHtrghf1Jh_SnZw/s1600/DSC02043.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsHLjuhPaod9W_JOTHERYTOMCSFASdHiP9-p3UszVbJk5EbDO-FnpR6t-PCUHtRsvF5VzYbpe9ZXaee_SMkK3Q5qGzq5eybklCV2h40UJzFhhdwkjd3IifnCedhuUzGHtrghf1Jh_SnZw/s200/DSC02043.JPG" width="200" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>Sambungan tepi</div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-74120600845072575272011-02-02T21:42:00.003+08:002011-02-02T21:46:39.957+08:00Kimpalan Arka<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZ145Y2XDhD1wZ7gHSnBZWiwhot41VbOspb7u77jPDtN7Z1Exy07Cj8nzXUhbq4820u07xAowx2NKaKjF8x2kLKWjfjk1QEQi4k2i9hL0J2skYc65M70wiwcgAFPWvgtQsV8TQHeV0tw/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZ145Y2XDhD1wZ7gHSnBZWiwhot41VbOspb7u77jPDtN7Z1Exy07Cj8nzXUhbq4820u07xAowx2NKaKjF8x2kLKWjfjk1QEQi4k2i9hL0J2skYc65M70wiwcgAFPWvgtQsV8TQHeV0tw/s200/images.jpg" width="148" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">Kimpalan<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">adalah satu proses pencantuman sesuatu bahan dengan bahan yang lain dengan menggunakan suatu bahan khas, contohnya</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">logam</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">atau</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">termoplastik. Proses pengimpalan</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ini melibatkan pencairan sesuatu jenis logam tersebut untuk menjadikannya sebagai</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><i style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">pengikat</i><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">di antara sesuatu struktur dengan struktur yang lain.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kadangkala<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: black;">tekanan</span> juga digunakan di samping<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: black;">haba</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>untuk menghasilkan kimpalan tersebut. Ini berbeza dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: black;">pematerian</span>, yang cuma meleburkan bahan sambungan (pateri) untuk membentuk sambungan, dan bukan struktur itu sendiri. Terdapat dua jenis kimpalan iaitu kimpalan arka dan kimpalan gas. Kimpalan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis kaedah. Antara kaedah kimpalan yang dikenalpasti adalah kimpalan dengan menggunakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>nyalaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>api, tenaga elektrik bervoltan tinggi, sinaran laser, tembakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>elektron<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ultrabunyi.</div></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">Kimpalan arka</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimpalan arka dijalankan secara mengalirkan tenaga elektrik daripada elektrod ke atas logam asas dan menukarkan tenaga elektrik ini kepada tenaga haba yang tinggi. Tenaga baba ini digunakan untuk melebur logarn elektrod, logam tambahan atau logam penyambung yang akhirnya menghasilkan satu sambungan kimpal. Pada asasnya, banyak tenaga elektrik diperlukan untuk mencapai suhu tertentu bagi melebur logam dalam jangka masa yang pendek.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZRjbq5wsw_tefO-GH4bnO3V1xB9EBMqZjBoG7_y_SWu4ztoq7qcgCRT8AJEkB5EzaVFes7O-PpeATK6_5cspZNUXG2TFQGCifQWI8whFo_GLCfe77cNJ5NTaW7h5lq-JXIaaWRqQC6_w/s1600/imagesss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZRjbq5wsw_tefO-GH4bnO3V1xB9EBMqZjBoG7_y_SWu4ztoq7qcgCRT8AJEkB5EzaVFes7O-PpeATK6_5cspZNUXG2TFQGCifQWI8whFo_GLCfe77cNJ5NTaW7h5lq-JXIaaWRqQC6_w/s1600/imagesss.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mesin kimpalan arka adalah merupakan sebuah alatubah perendah iaitu ia mengubah dari voltan tinggi kepada voltan rendah tetapi menghasilkan arus yang tinggi untuk menerbitkan arka bagi kegunaan mengimpal. Dilengkapi dengan kabel pemegang elektrod dan juga kabel bumi ke meja kerja.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat lima jenis mesin kimpalan arka iaitu:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis rectifier(DC) </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis alat ubah(AC)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis kombinasi AC/DC</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis pacuan enjin (petrol atau diesel)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis pacuan motor elektrik (janakuasa)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-11707047893649484552010-12-10T00:25:00.001+08:002010-12-10T00:33:34.706+08:00Komponen Elektrik<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Terdapat pelbagai jenis komponen yang digunakan dalam bidang elektrik. Kompoen disambungkan dalam litar untuk pelbagai fungsi dalam peralatan elektronik seperti radio, televisyen, komputer dan sebagainya. Komponen merupakan teknologi yang berkembang pesat dan sangat berguna dalam kehidupan seharian</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Terdapat 2 Jenis komponen, iaitu <span style="color: blue;">Komponen Aktif</span> dan <span style="color: magenta;">Komponen Pasif</span> :</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1- <span style="color: blue;">Komponen Aktif</span> </span></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diperbuat daripada bahan semi konduktor yang terdiri daripada silikon dan germanium.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">boleh membentuk, mangawal dam memproses isyarat elektrik</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">contoh transistor dan diod.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2- <span style="color: magenta;">Komponen Pasif</span></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dibina daripada bahan penebat seperti mika, seramik, kertas atau elektrolit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sebagai peranti sokongan kepada kendalian komponen aktif.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Contoh perintang dan kapasitor.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><a name='more'></a> </span><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">JENIS-JENIS KOMPONEN</span></b><br />
<ol><li><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PERINTANG</span></b></li>
</ol><ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kadaran kuasa- Jumlah maksimum kuasa yang boleh dilesapkan oleh perintangtanpa merosakkanny</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a dan berupaya untuk menyerap haba berlebihan ketika arus melaluinya.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kegunaannya sebagai <b>penghad arus</b> dan <b>pembahagi voltan</b>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">terdapat dua jenis perintang, iaitu Perintang Tetap dan Peringtang Boleh Laras.</span></li>
</ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfqnXyhiDGbDOJNdNU0Jhpk62wCHX9h2XKyAfpBbhZUcgP_KevlaUOMOjApzTfhL-aSBUz7mC7Tz6BuzLFLDZiiTK7P-l-Mgq0QlK8bSShX1n7iu_hX6E981IzzS6KFin97bp52RXmJo/s1600/Picture1-vert.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjfqnXyhiDGbDOJNdNU0Jhpk62wCHX9h2XKyAfpBbhZUcgP_KevlaUOMOjApzTfhL-aSBUz7mC7Tz6BuzLFLDZiiTK7P-l-Mgq0QlK8bSShX1n7iu_hX6E981IzzS6KFin97bp52RXmJo/s320/Picture1-vert.jpg" width="320" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDiFeREPADaypHiwUPPe5NI1JuTn1CxQ9nW_Fe3vQM9n89iB5Zkmffe4aTflteN45PrXVuMWdj2YMelOSKiQ9NZWnuF73YRq5-2G3iFfauKkyoVLTFcUrj457eX4d8ceAiIlfNY0EVBOY/s1600/Picture4-e.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDiFeREPADaypHiwUPPe5NI1JuTn1CxQ9nW_Fe3vQM9n89iB5Zkmffe4aTflteN45PrXVuMWdj2YMelOSKiQ9NZWnuF73YRq5-2G3iFfauKkyoVLTFcUrj457eX4d8ceAiIlfNY0EVBOY/s320/Picture4-e.jpg" width="242" /> </a><br />
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2<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">.<b> Suis</b></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Digunakan untuk menyambung dan memutuskan aliran arus elektrik dai dalm litar.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">digunkan juga untuk memindah atau menukar voltan dan isyarat.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">jenis suis :-</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Suis Togel</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Suis Gelangsar</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Suis Putar</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Suis Tekan</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Suis yang biasa digunakan dalam kerja elektronik ialah suis togel dan suis tekan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. <b>Kapasitor</b></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Digunakan untuk menyimpan dan membuang cas elektrik.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Keupayaan kapasitor menyimpan dan mengecas dinamakan <u><b>kapasitans</b></u>.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unit kapasitans ialah Farad, F.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1rHlGIvgCszxMTpe2N24PfEWC-df7Mh6binXoG2g46LJ6M4J-K-HNrEKoooPFlAR5pMw_FzTyvtEouQotq38UlD8qERRdjjC9IxWo3iHj-M21cJ9ST6qt9Rnow3l4yAwIFJ2SOMFOww/s1600/catsw.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1rHlGIvgCszxMTpe2N24PfEWC-df7Mh6binXoG2g46LJ6M4J-K-HNrEKoooPFlAR5pMw_FzTyvtEouQotq38UlD8qERRdjjC9IxWo3iHj-M21cJ9ST6qt9Rnow3l4yAwIFJ2SOMFOww/s640/catsw.jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. <b>Diod Pemancar (L.E.D)</b></span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Komponen yang menukarkan tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga cahaya.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ia dikenali sebagai L.E.D iaitu Light Emitting Diode.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diperbuat daripada bahan semikonduktor.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">mempunyai kaki : anod (+), katod (-).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mesti disambung mengikut kutubnya yang betul kerana ia tidak akan menyala jika kutubnya tidak betul.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDNJl7p8rpPk0rz9aLJTkpB1XgqWGMBmZubyI8U70x9FXlWGXsMd6yDRsxx_JRmgwRG1mqXHi-C4Hhesh6FH-wep3RE8NPD8pQg-C-JH2_CMEZhIrykZuM35rUzfX-XHsyWmbzIUUeKM/s1600/cats.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDNJl7p8rpPk0rz9aLJTkpB1XgqWGMBmZubyI8U70x9FXlWGXsMd6yDRsxx_JRmgwRG1mqXHi-C4Hhesh6FH-wep3RE8NPD8pQg-C-JH2_CMEZhIrykZuM35rUzfX-XHsyWmbzIUUeKM/s320/cats.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. Transistor</span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">komponen yang diperbuat daripada bahan semikonduktor seperti Si dan Ge.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Digunakan untuk meninggikan voltan, arus dan kuasa serta bertindak sebagai suis kawalan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">terdapat dua jenis iaitu<b> NPN</b> dan <b>PNP</b></span></li>
</ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPmz63tbt_-XYxJtxJCJn7Tf8kt2JKEtgaaChcjwoW2ZaVCfpTy8qViS_ziJM28GaA2oGf6L2zQRXe6B3d_Vf7vRg6Mz-uiDJT7S6V-e8N41Op1vC5ZsDZn1JnNRn3PCyzfEZ1f9ocIXM/s1600/e.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPmz63tbt_-XYxJtxJCJn7Tf8kt2JKEtgaaChcjwoW2ZaVCfpTy8qViS_ziJM28GaA2oGf6L2zQRXe6B3d_Vf7vRg6Mz-uiDJT7S6V-e8N41Op1vC5ZsDZn1JnNRn3PCyzfEZ1f9ocIXM/s320/e.jpg" width="320" /></a>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-4269939116226882682010-08-23T23:37:00.002+08:002010-08-24T01:51:44.197+08:00PALAM PENCUCUH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEuy4EuRUfomRb23jxFDEKoGA-5s39hLrfgq2fWtScu-chnlQhEBMpynFZBsG9P15frn0OYSF3QMpP8sFCBJc0Ost9uvdXLRKH_Kwbl7pYrGZSPvtkhAjOXnhI48tkzfjGgtLtNueU_U4/s1600/Sparkplug.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEuy4EuRUfomRb23jxFDEKoGA-5s39hLrfgq2fWtScu-chnlQhEBMpynFZBsG9P15frn0OYSF3QMpP8sFCBJc0Ost9uvdXLRKH_Kwbl7pYrGZSPvtkhAjOXnhI48tkzfjGgtLtNueU_U4/s400/Sparkplug.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Palam pencucuh sangat penting pada sistem nyalaan enjin ses<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ebuah kenderaan. Palam pencucuh merupakan peralatan elektrik yang dipasang kepada silinder enjin petrol yang berfungsi membakar campuran udara dan bahan api melalui bunga api elektrik. Palam pencucuh di tebat disekeliling elektrod tengah serta di sambung ke sistem penyalaan enjin melalui wayar voltan tinggi berpenebat tebal.</span></span></div><br />
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<div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bahagian Palam Pencucuh</span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <b>Terminal</b> <span style="color: black;">- Di sambungkan ke gelung pembakaran.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Sirip</b> -<span style="color: black;"> Berfungsi sebagai penebat serta mengelak kebocoran elektrik.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Penebat</b> - <span style="color: black;">Diperbuat daripada seramik aluminium oksida, ia direka bagi menampung suhu setinggi 550 C dan voltan setinggi 60 000 V.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Nat heksagon</b> <span style="color: black;">- </span><span style="color: black;">Untuk mengikat dan mengetatkan palam pencucuh pada kepala silinder.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Bekas logam</b> - Membuang haba daripada penebat serta berfungsi sebagai elektrod bumi.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Hujung penebat</b> -<span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">bahagian hujung penebat yang mengelilingi elektrod tengah mempengaruhi prestasi palam pencucuh, terutamanya banjaran haba.</span></span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Elektrod tengah dan bum</b>i -<span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Menghasilkan bunga api.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></span></div></div><div style="color: #a2c4c9; text-align: center;"><div style="color: red; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Oleh kerana palam pencucuh sentiasa berfungsi semasa enjin dihidupkan, ia tidak lari daripada kerosakan akibat daripada masalah- masalah enjin.</span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jenis-jenis kerosakan palam pencucuh</span></span></div><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqnFoqAYDsR1uKXNjWAb4mzrbcHQJjAi2bSpDBwakapQIPuTYI4QBJ4mEoo3-DnWoDChWyWBepcOXnWbn3Qd6eCtoSzM_GhA-qX9bPGWKjsLbD1W8SB4itGKaGaG6zT3Leqa7oqx8eWmI/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqnFoqAYDsR1uKXNjWAb4mzrbcHQJjAi2bSpDBwakapQIPuTYI4QBJ4mEoo3-DnWoDChWyWBepcOXnWbn3Qd6eCtoSzM_GhA-qX9bPGWKjsLbD1W8SB4itGKaGaG6zT3Leqa7oqx8eWmI/s200/Picture1.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Keadaan normal</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgait6IdKaI_qS0gNPdwpaiXjtXTlvBRZowRuRhMiB12LutevHedSLmZFXjfsUq2hinxnERxjaKXkqt3R5ITGpgdp7ekGXx_EQBRvbxCIvLDlBLqmwnNwUnmBQl2wtXZB7WrxSSMLInR-s/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgait6IdKaI_qS0gNPdwpaiXjtXTlvBRZowRuRhMiB12LutevHedSLmZFXjfsUq2hinxnERxjaKXkqt3R5ITGpgdp7ekGXx_EQBRvbxCIvLDlBLqmwnNwUnmBQl2wtXZB7WrxSSMLInR-s/s200/Picture2.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dipenuhi kerak karbon</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbLYbpzewbNSsBWwSVRgfuz8urRFEns7no8ngZBSERAVvX_tRRnr-HaKsGgak6TseKnvc39FnTPrM8ylazKbr8vqdVVka7vNkGLjgM4-9Jm4rNSvEdF2KZIgDKQ7wW0KYTrD4JvhRJPt4/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbLYbpzewbNSsBWwSVRgfuz8urRFEns7no8ngZBSERAVvX_tRRnr-HaKsGgak6TseKnvc39FnTPrM8ylazKbr8vqdVVka7vNkGLjgM4-9Jm4rNSvEdF2KZIgDKQ7wW0KYTrD4JvhRJPt4/s200/Picture3.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Berminyak</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R0QhIf_gVtCr7__43kPhKEruZ2OzvrYvN3H9ZZ_sxl4w-1RDCZ-eY1Yy8drym6ZAAwKWhDpoL5BAMY0PT1sHWOErdKOXZ7WSA-t120mZtpR93uk7wFuhNPFXkrkfLct1pkQrccj8y3Y/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-R0QhIf_gVtCr7__43kPhKEruZ2OzvrYvN3H9ZZ_sxl4w-1RDCZ-eY1Yy8drym6ZAAwKWhDpoL5BAMY0PT1sHWOErdKOXZ7WSA-t120mZtpR93uk7wFuhNPFXkrkfLct1pkQrccj8y3Y/s200/Picture4.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diselaputi abu</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></div></div><div style="color: #a2c4c9; text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: #a2c4c9; text-align: center;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqlUXfGIYVZbPWTohY7vzzydgLzl6OAHUnz72Sr8N9WeXOzZ6Ux_yWyaZU4bUREssabJthc4kx4bTD4ShFyRPDXhnS7gGzdJKqewcs_vSp4SEQLwPlOVgHOObnvNcNeohrIRnQulcQ8s8/s1600/k.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqlUXfGIYVZbPWTohY7vzzydgLzl6OAHUnz72Sr8N9WeXOzZ6Ux_yWyaZU4bUREssabJthc4kx4bTD4ShFyRPDXhnS7gGzdJKqewcs_vSp4SEQLwPlOVgHOObnvNcNeohrIRnQulcQ8s8/s200/k.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elektrod haus</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-57193546020262898242010-08-15T00:13:00.018+08:002010-08-25T00:32:46.384+08:00SISTEM PENCERNAAN MONOGASTER<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pencernaan ialah proses di mana molekul besar dan kompleks di leraikan kepada molekul ringkas yang boleh digunakan oleh kehidupan sebagai makanan.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nonruminan (monogaster) ialah haiwan yang mempunyai satu kompartmen dalam perut yang menelan makanannya setelah dikunyah dan tidak dikeluarkan semula. Sistem pencernaan haiwan nonruminan ini juga dikenali sebagai perut ringkas atau monogastrik.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Manusia, arnab, ayam dan kuda antara contoh mempunyai sistem perut ringkas, ataupun sistem pencernaan monogastrik. Pada kali ini kita akan mempelajari tentang sistem pencernaan bagi ayam. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: small;">TRAKUS PENCERNAAN MONOGASTRIK AVIAN</span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsJSLoRznkTJwqywafQLtj5UtW2eDT6mObdt_Pc2dvoKzbAkq8U8WCev4jlf8j7SbILYKWafEhdf8OauGyUIRNFNWtL1Ka9iZ7njIPj87WtziYHxw5iwEwG_DZgwZAfhQS5UF8c5SNFQ/s1600/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMsJSLoRznkTJwqywafQLtj5UtW2eDT6mObdt_Pc2dvoKzbAkq8U8WCev4jlf8j7SbILYKWafEhdf8OauGyUIRNFNWtL1Ka9iZ7njIPj87WtziYHxw5iwEwG_DZgwZAfhQS5UF8c5SNFQ/s320/Picture5.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sistem pencernaan avian</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><a name='more'></a><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fungsi bahagian utama sistem pencernaan ayam</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Tembolok - tempat makanan disimpan buat sementara waktu.</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdnZfVHhLvGD5m47M9mov3SpRvFFP44USahWbUVZxVi9VEKg7jD9QT-Z6tYpE43qA04CoM-wgMxQZ3klWwYGSVC0IkpkbBN9yAr-XHs0acR3zTMmxGH61p5LpWXywGCIg-H5UZXdUU8OE/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdnZfVHhLvGD5m47M9mov3SpRvFFP44USahWbUVZxVi9VEKg7jD9QT-Z6tYpE43qA04CoM-wgMxQZ3klWwYGSVC0IkpkbBN9yAr-XHs0acR3zTMmxGH61p5LpWXywGCIg-H5UZXdUU8OE/s200/Picture3.jpg" width="199" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perut avian</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Proventrikulus - perut sebenar dan mengandungi kelenjar yang merembeskan enzim pepsin dan asid hidroklorik untuk pencernaan protein.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Hempedal :-</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpV_dkQnseiBXQg7yYni1EdQ_br_zKKpfwEeeBksP9u0OpRxQ1LmN6uVchmKKtR9UfuhzrNKvUlRvRF1ioBx6RLMoRzC0iL4PwM2giisa2a-l1Z9FwywvWZESzMnIqQteIT8l7QDYWKQ/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqpV_dkQnseiBXQg7yYni1EdQ_br_zKKpfwEeeBksP9u0OpRxQ1LmN6uVchmKKtR9UfuhzrNKvUlRvRF1ioBx6RLMoRzC0iL4PwM2giisa2a-l1Z9FwywvWZESzMnIqQteIT8l7QDYWKQ/s200/Picture2.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">sistem pencernaan avian</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Bahagian berotot yang berfungsi sebagai gigi kerana mempunyai permukaan kasar.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dapat mengisar bahan makanan kasar kepada butiran lebih halus.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Butiran batu atau pasir yang dijumpai di bahagian ini membantu dalam pengisaran makanan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Tiada enzim yang dirembeskan oleh hempedal, tetapi enzim dari proventrikulus bertindak dalam bahagian ini.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 4. Sekum :-</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Terdapat sepasang</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Hujung setiap sekum bertutup dan mukaannya ke kolon dikawal oleh pencerut.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Berfungsi untuk menyerap air daripada bahan makanan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Fermentasi bahan selulosa berlaku dalam sekum dan bahan yang dicernakan diserap untuk kegunaan ayam.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Bahan yang tidak boleh dicernakan disalurkan ke kolon.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 5. Kolo-rektum :-</span> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5J9YbSHJ1aBF42UXXou2iuygWfLa3wihlhUTydSyCMPXqZ6dUgSjR8IDnlGdd-RE5YdWikVKjw2U10ya1H1JXe1W4Wu8lFbwGN7YvXxRfG_iESjbGi44g-UtLpE04Sk2X7hBafaS3J3E/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5J9YbSHJ1aBF42UXXou2iuygWfLa3wihlhUTydSyCMPXqZ6dUgSjR8IDnlGdd-RE5YdWikVKjw2U10ya1H1JXe1W4Wu8lFbwGN7YvXxRfG_iESjbGi44g-UtLpE04Sk2X7hBafaS3J3E/s200/Picture1.jpg" width="193" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Kolon dan rektum tidak dapat dibezakan dan struktur ini dipanggil kolo-rektum.</span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;">Bahagian ini pendek dan tidak banyak proses pencernaan atau penyerapan bahan makanan berlaku di sini.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Bahan yang tidak boleh dicernakan akan menjadi najis dan disingkirkan keluar melalui kloaka.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Kesimpulannya haiwan yang mempunyai sistem onogastrik menelan makanan terus ke dalam perut satu kompartmen, dimana ia bergaul dengan jus pencernaan. Haiwan ini tidak boleh mencerna serat dalam kuantiti yang banyak melainkan mereka mempunyai sekum besar (kuda, arnab dan guinea pigs)</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-77723926009033981852010-08-13T00:21:00.005+08:002010-08-25T05:02:31.744+08:00Pengurusan Lembu Pedaging<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHB9vIPcy7OSHs1IXZ2D7OV9wqyFubADERkIMyJFncdcQPnd3V05MZ_TLp59T5Yuktrh8C4syHXa0dP7ubdStspRdfGG7SYXoliCJrrEMygQVMworVLYKUdOxL9OXea-WGh1QU6-GebkQ/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHB9vIPcy7OSHs1IXZ2D7OV9wqyFubADERkIMyJFncdcQPnd3V05MZ_TLp59T5Yuktrh8C4syHXa0dP7ubdStspRdfGG7SYXoliCJrrEMygQVMworVLYKUdOxL9OXea-WGh1QU6-GebkQ/s320/Picture5.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<div>Di Malaysia, bekalan daging lembu masih belum mencapai keseluruhan permintaan tempatan. Oleh yang demikian, kerajan terpaksa mengimport dari negara luar.Kerajaan telah banyak memberi bantuan kepada rakyat terutamanya kepada kaum bumiputra untuk berkecimpung dalam bidang penternakan lembu pedaging, bagi memastikan ianya cukup dan kerajaan tidak perlu lagi untuk mengimport daging. </div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Oleh itu, disini terdapat cara-cara untuk menguruskan lembu pedaging. Pengurusan lembu terbahagi kepada tiga, iaitu pengurusan lembu betina dan pengurusan lembu jantan sertanpengurusan anak lembu. Pembahagian ini bertujuan mempermudahkan penternak untuk menguruskan lembu pedaging untuk memastikan pengeluaran berterusan dan memberi keuntungan kepada penternak.</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b>PENGURUSAN LEMBU BETINA</b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Pengurusan Lembu betina bertujuan mendapatkan seekor anak daripada setiap induk setiap tahun, untuk memastikan pengeluaran sentiasa berlaku.Oleh itu, aspek utama yang perlu dititikberatkan ialah :- </div><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;">1. Pemakanan </span></span><br />
<ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ol><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> -Lembu betina perlu diasingkan mengikut kumpulan dan diberi aras makanan yang berbeza.</li>
<li>-Lembu dara pengganti - kekal subur, tidak terlalu gemuk sehingga menimbulkan masalah kesuburan</li>
<li>-Lembu betina bunting sulung - memerlukan protein lebih banyak untuk kandungan.</li>
<li> -Jenis makanan seperti hampas isirong kelapa sawit, mil kacang soya (sumber protein) manakala mil sagu jagung (sumber tenaga)</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;">2. Pembiakan</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Lembu dara pengganti mencapai puberti (matang/estrus yang pertama) ketika usia 18-30 bulan, bergantung kepada baka/makanan dan berat badan</li>
<li>-Pembiakan boleh dijalankan sepanjang tahun atau mengikut musim. Namun lebih mudah jika mengikut musim.</li>
<li>-Musim pertama antara bulan april dan mei, manakala musim kedua antara bulan oktober dan november.</li>
<li>-Cara pembiakan ialah "bapak terus" dangan nisbah jantan dan betina adalah 1:20 hingga 1:30</li>
<li>-Kitaran estrus lembu betina berlaku setiap 18 hingga 24 hari. Estrus ialah tanda bahawa lembu betina itu bersedia untuk dikahwini</li>
<li>-Tempoh estrus selama 15 hingga 24 jam</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;">3. Penjagaan lembu bunting</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-lembu yang bunting menunjukkan tanda- tandanya iaitu kemaluan membengkak, faraj pucat, bengkat dan lembut serta uterus membesar</li>
<li>-tempoh lembu bunting bergantung kepada faktor umur maternal, faktor genetik, faktor persekitaran dan faktor jantina anak yang dikandung</li>
<li>-Induk bunting hendaklah diasingkan dengan yang tidak bunting untuk pemberian makanan berprotein dan tenaga yang tinggi</li>
<li>-Penjagaan yang lebih diperlukan kepada lembu bunting sulung kerana masalah kesusahan beranak dan kematian anak biasa berlaku</li>
<li>-Lembu menunjukkan tanda hendak beranak 4 hingga 5 hari sebelum melahirkan. Tanda seperti pangkal ekor terangkat, pundi susu bengkak dan menurun serta kelihatan resan dan sering bersendirian. </li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;"> 4. Masalah Sewaktu Kelahiran</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-"Dystocia" - Menghadapi masalah ketika kelahiran, anak lembu susah keluar kebiasaannya anak jantan dan faktor genetik. Ibu lembu juga mempunyai pelvis yang kecil untuk anak lembu keluar, hal ini disebabkan ibu tersebut muda.</li>
<li>-"Retained placenta" - Plasenta yang masih di dalam perut induk hingga lebih 24 jam, perlu dikeluarkan secara manual</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;">5. Kawalan Penyakit</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Langkah pencegahan penyakit perlu diambil supaya induk dan pengganti dalam keadaan sihat</li>
<li>-serangan kutu dan cacing hendaklah dikawal dan dirawat dengan jadual rawatan yang baik</li>
<li>-rekod hendaklah disimpan supaya langkah pencegahan di masa hadapan boleh diambil</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b>PENGURUSAN LEMBU JANTAN</b></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> ~ Keupayaan lembu jantan untuk pensenyawaan pada lembu betina bergantung kepada faktor keupayaan mengawan, keinginan mengawan dan pengeluaran mani yang bermutu tinggi</li>
<li>~ Anak lembu jantan berusia 1 setengah tahun boleh dipilih untuk dijadikan baka berdasarkan ciri-ciri terbaik</li>
<li>~ Penilaian fizikal seperti kaki, lutut, kuku dan testis perlu sempurna supaya penjantan mampu mengawan dengan baik</li>
<li> ~ Penilaian air mani perlu dilakukan 2 bulan sebelum musim pembiakan untuk menilai isipadu, warna, pergerakan sperma dan kepekatan air mani tersebut</li>
<li>~ 1 ekor lembu jantan boleh dikahwinkan untuk setiap 25-30 ekor indik betina</li>
</ol><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b> PENGURUSAN ANAK LEMBU</b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrw16MV4wWW4CORVVT6gNf6dvpnbdy2X1oDTx2Z2EO8A4UHwVwUOvrsoahSvXrHRvmuEw8FPqzwLt4nqroFeRhrW7FITq2iEO2NuuL4GTIsRWUsR6TxlO0SwCGMC5EgUNlkzSFFvoQyE/s1600/images2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrw16MV4wWW4CORVVT6gNf6dvpnbdy2X1oDTx2Z2EO8A4UHwVwUOvrsoahSvXrHRvmuEw8FPqzwLt4nqroFeRhrW7FITq2iEO2NuuL4GTIsRWUsR6TxlO0SwCGMC5EgUNlkzSFFvoQyE/s320/images2.jpg" /></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div> <span style="color: red;"> 1. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peringkat Kelahiran</span><br />
<ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ol><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Selepas dilahirkan, lendir hidung dan mulutnya mestilah dijilat oleh ibunya untuk memudahkan pernafasan</li>
<li>-Tali pusat perlu diikat dan dipotong pada jarak 2-3 cm dari badan anak lembu dan sapukan 20% larutan iodin (untuk elakkan jangkitan kuman)</li>
<li>-Anak lembu yang baru lahir perlu mendapatkan susu kolostrum yang mengandungi antibodi.</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;">2. Peringkat Menyusu</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Anak lembu perlu dibuat tanda pengenalan secara tattooing (umur 2-3 tahun) dan tagging (umur 6 bulan)</li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO4wwia1sKsDp1pO_j3j1NpnKZ0BfiU4DjG_OZIPmQTmtspgg9sZ7jsJB2GmEBQtNBZaex3sMbIC9FBrFAG8OzgBqr2fyhGzKdaqaVAuZoCU2LgYxZ58Jkddp2YkIiDQ786U0kpcYxd1g/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO4wwia1sKsDp1pO_j3j1NpnKZ0BfiU4DjG_OZIPmQTmtspgg9sZ7jsJB2GmEBQtNBZaex3sMbIC9FBrFAG8OzgBqr2fyhGzKdaqaVAuZoCU2LgYxZ58Jkddp2YkIiDQ786U0kpcYxd1g/s320/Picture4.png" /></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Penyimpanan rekod untuk pemilihan lembu dara pengganti dan penjantan</li>
<li>-Memotong tanduk untuk mengurangkan bahaya kepada lembu lain dan pekerja, tanduk dipotong ketika usia anak lembu 4-21 hari</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6lkVKFPoRUzTAUPYkiQMlTijvUQVBvKW3jqmXoJik2sWyRnCd6W1ycKwF7aOB31AnNvEojaDPizLEzugQ4b3Db_bzFVrnpSgyHDiy21LFEmB_Xy6FQx6M0eFuRca76MSUYdluo1FH2O4/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6lkVKFPoRUzTAUPYkiQMlTijvUQVBvKW3jqmXoJik2sWyRnCd6W1ycKwF7aOB31AnNvEojaDPizLEzugQ4b3Db_bzFVrnpSgyHDiy21LFEmB_Xy6FQx6M0eFuRca76MSUYdluo1FH2O4/s320/Picture3.png" width="320" /></a></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Penyapihan,apabila anak lembu telah mencapai umur 6 bulan, ia perlu disapih iaitu cerai susu dari ibunya untuk tidak menganggu tubuh induk untuk terus subur dan meningkatkan kadar kebuntingan</li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9MS6o84ftXGEHn02ozDTHfe728fKD0GgalQ3KNuJQ0nfRPMjIqiyPHiUMbU9HSAKYrpswUq2Ehct-3sivGQBfgmU_Pc5rC9G9EaDO8Nl7Jtl7ro4B9PnN3lbhlIdQWvAY02S7GRyr_I/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf9MS6o84ftXGEHn02ozDTHfe728fKD0GgalQ3KNuJQ0nfRPMjIqiyPHiUMbU9HSAKYrpswUq2Ehct-3sivGQBfgmU_Pc5rC9G9EaDO8Nl7Jtl7ro4B9PnN3lbhlIdQWvAY02S7GRyr_I/s320/images.jpg" /></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li>-Anak lembu perlu diberi pelalian untuk mencegah serangan penyakit. Diberi pada umur mencecah 3 bulan</li>
<li> -Anak jantan yang tidak dipilih menjadi baka akan dikasi untuk elakkan kacuk balik</li>
<li>-Anak betina yang sedang membesar diperharikan mendapat pemakanan yang baik dan tidak dikahwini sebelum mencapai umur kira-kira 2 tahun <br />
</li>
</ul>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-54099133331949683852010-08-12T05:11:00.003+08:002010-08-25T04:57:02.548+08:00PENGELUARAN SUSU LEMBU TENUSU<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sejak kebelakangan ini, terdapat kecenderungan dalam permintaan susu segar yang berkualiti di seluruh negara terutama di kawasan bandar. Walaupun ladang kerajaan dan penternak tempatan mengeluarkan kira-kira 25 juta liter susu setahun, namun 95% permintaan susu dan produk susu adalah melalui import.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8ymNXtDST_z9XNbss5Ht5r50Lh3NBC5-HRbmIaQGBd7KX7fwHGG7juzfaJtC5PDn_qUGZEr040u1QgtvDhJE-8qrU4CQ797ns1NjBcJIerkcnOHBQqdg35FjpmK4ai70Xdoi6Mfuics/s1600/Picture14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8ymNXtDST_z9XNbss5Ht5r50Lh3NBC5-HRbmIaQGBd7KX7fwHGG7juzfaJtC5PDn_qUGZEr040u1QgtvDhJE-8qrU4CQ797ns1NjBcJIerkcnOHBQqdg35FjpmK4ai70Xdoi6Mfuics/s320/Picture14.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penternakan tenusu boleh dianggap perniagaan tanpa saingan dari sudut pengeluaran susu segar kerana tidak banyak penternak komersial yang besar di Malaysia. Maka, potensi pasaran tenusu adalah tinggi. Proses pengeluaran susu sangat penting kerana proses inilah yang akan pengeluaran hasil.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><a name='more'></a><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>PENGELUARAN SUSU</b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8F2xv8dRr00A5v2eyeODJALYQtdUYs2gd0m6pCvMof1FTzIGAMu96LrFWxTcN7S8-X5RAvK5f3E057CrOul4DLOnYTu2bVaFgJJ4dryaVux7yQ5UPxm9vog9Bt4gOTIQNd1anAzp-YIg/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8F2xv8dRr00A5v2eyeODJALYQtdUYs2gd0m6pCvMof1FTzIGAMu96LrFWxTcN7S8-X5RAvK5f3E057CrOul4DLOnYTu2bVaFgJJ4dryaVux7yQ5UPxm9vog9Bt4gOTIQNd1anAzp-YIg/s320/Picture4.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cara-cara pemerahan</b></span></li>
</ol><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7JknQoN3rmcYTN86Ipikp9ygBsFDfb0PkPrWSffc6R3a0Cuvcc_OIDVZVsQnh5B_6b-YJKaGCU9Id7-tvFLxPzVpxQ6hQWS6otlgPhrW33N0S5S4pjj2lZT2lq5Q_mGIAOsF6Bsza-8/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE7JknQoN3rmcYTN86Ipikp9ygBsFDfb0PkPrWSffc6R3a0Cuvcc_OIDVZVsQnh5B_6b-YJKaGCU9Id7-tvFLxPzVpxQ6hQWS6otlgPhrW33N0S5S4pjj2lZT2lq5Q_mGIAOsF6Bsza-8/s320/Picture2.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Mesin pemerahan bergandingan (Abreast Parlour) digunakan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Ibu-ibu lembu dihalau ke dalam petak menunggu</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Jika lembu tersebut kotor, ia hendaklah dimandi dan dibersihkan terlebih dahulu untuk memastikan susu tidak dicemari</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">kemudian, ibu-ibu lembu tersebut dihalau masuk ke tempat pemerahan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Jumlah pengeluaran susu bagi setiap ekor ibu lembu untuk mengetahui kadar pengeluarannya.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>2. Pengawalan mutu dan kebersihan</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> Bersihkan kelenjar susu lembu dengan air pancutan paip dan dikeringkan dengan tuala keras, kemudian alat pemerah (milk cluster) dipasangkan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Celup puting susu lembu tersebut dengan disinfektan yang sesuai setelah proses memerah selesai (larutan losyen CCT 5%)</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxd0_3TP3eoXnlGLFhw94Is55HCU-LWp3xNi1rcHHxpcODevVzXyZi-5qqWoaqbpfGMlCEBB_xZDCKL12bCLQgVJ-vBA-gTCsvUBIm6WA9Urku3BAHNsLrt7YtjvngyXl1_wmxwCsx2E/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxd0_3TP3eoXnlGLFhw94Is55HCU-LWp3xNi1rcHHxpcODevVzXyZi-5qqWoaqbpfGMlCEBB_xZDCKL12bCLQgVJ-vBA-gTCsvUBIm6WA9Urku3BAHNsLrt7YtjvngyXl1_wmxwCsx2E/s320/Picture1.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Setelah habis memerah, ibu lembu akan dihalau keluar melalui tempat pencelup kaki. Copper sulphate (CuSO4)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Celup alat pemerah (milk cluster) ke dalam larutan disinfektan, gantung dan keringkannya</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"> Keseluruhan alat pemerah dibasuh dengan air panas (100 c) dan disinfektan Sodium Hypochlorite 10%.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>3. Memproses susu</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pemanasan (Preheat)</b> - Susu yang telah dikumpul di dalam balang penyukat akan dialirkan ke kolam tangki pemanas. Susu tersebut dipanaskan sehingga 60 c untuk hentikan aktiviti enzim lipase.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5EdscbAwja0OqlC7N2QiVaScjHPknd0AGLt7DxXpAuRES3dRyAM-MlsAdbeCs3ML4L6Q0_09iS0PbFb5MiVdhZrV6H_OC-gJKzIYnZcS61fbZ-HXf3cj7L7IR9hyphenhyphenWO_S9a0RRMSQlto/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK5EdscbAwja0OqlC7N2QiVaScjHPknd0AGLt7DxXpAuRES3dRyAM-MlsAdbeCs3ML4L6Q0_09iS0PbFb5MiVdhZrV6H_OC-gJKzIYnZcS61fbZ-HXf3cj7L7IR9hyphenhyphenWO_S9a0RRMSQlto/s320/Picture3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Homogenize</b> - Susu dialirkan ke dalam mesin Homogenize untuk memecahkan globul temah kepada partikel yang lebih kecil dan sama saiz.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pasteurize</b> - Selepas proses Homogenize, susu dialirkan ke dalam tangki Pasteurize, untuk membasmi kuman merbahaya dengan cara memanaskan susu antara 63 c - 66 c selama 30 minit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Menyejuk (Chilling)</b> - dengan menggunakan pam pemindah, susu daripada tangki pasteurize dialirkan ke dalam tangki penyejuk dan disejukkan dengan suhu 4.4 c - 10 c. Kuman-kuman yang tidak boleh mati dalam suhu panas akan mati.</span></li>
<li> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pembungkusan</b> - Susu yang telah disejukkan dibungkus dalam beg plastik dengan sukatan 500cc dan disimpan di dalam peti sejuk dengan suhu antara 4.4 c - 10 c. Susu-susu ini boleh disimpan selama 3 hingga 5 hari jika di simpan dalam suhu tersebut.</span></li>
</ul>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-62984333425922967962010-08-12T03:04:00.005+08:002010-08-25T04:57:39.015+08:00penanaman rumput pastura<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj87tDKUr_Da5uFOqJouEdC38md8oQ_-gVE_8kGHnnOe8nEOZQBzXtjMzPsxMhNpPnyYaZXT_QDDVh2fEsENakcOv8s5CLfmman_ke5ewg5v7Q7RFwsfUVQTos-i6dOAtBQCF5I_c-ao1c/s1600/Picture1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj87tDKUr_Da5uFOqJouEdC38md8oQ_-gVE_8kGHnnOe8nEOZQBzXtjMzPsxMhNpPnyYaZXT_QDDVh2fEsENakcOv8s5CLfmman_ke5ewg5v7Q7RFwsfUVQTos-i6dOAtBQCF5I_c-ao1c/s400/Picture1a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Pastura ialah rumput yang tumbuh atau ditanam dan boleh digunakan oleh haiwan ternakan untuk ragutan. Contohnya, signal grass, setaria kuzungula, Para grass dan sebagainya.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fodder pula ialah jenis rumput pastura yang dipotong dan diangkut atau dibawa kepada haiwan ternakan di kandang. Contohnya, Elephant grass (Napier), guinea grass (rumput kuda) dan setaria splendida.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sebelum proses penanaman pastura dan fodder, pembersihan tanah perlulah dijalankan terlebih dahulu untuk memudahkan proses penanaman dan tanaman menjadi subur. Terdapat 3 peringkat untuk penanaman kawasan pastura.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><ol style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b> PENYEDIAAN KAWASAN</b></span></li>
</ol><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penyediaan kawasan bertujuan mendapatkan permukaan dan tekstur tanah yang baik serta sesuai untuk tanaman. Penyediaan tanah ini juga dapat menghapuskan segala jenis rumpai yang tidak diingini.</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Pembajakan (ploughing)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> - </span><span style="font-size: small;">Permulaan proses untuk memecah dan melonggarkan tanah keras dan mendedahkan tanah kepada matahari supaya rumpai musnah. Peringkat untuk membajak terbahagi kepada dua, iaitu membajak kali pertama dan memajak kali kedua. Jarak antara kedua peringkat adalah antara 2 hingga 4 minggu.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMc0smmta4Tb1L52nQzM-jQwPdmlQpPQ0zqzNupHCJlTbJ5BmBFHGNjzu5Nr4bHybyJXgmV3Jdf5aKlwS8FSxHpW3GFaaQzMohgPLcU99dcaosiwLx7mFxD8hy5JHzcllz7wRD5HlZMCc/s1600/imagese.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMc0smmta4Tb1L52nQzM-jQwPdmlQpPQ0zqzNupHCJlTbJ5BmBFHGNjzu5Nr4bHybyJXgmV3Jdf5aKlwS8FSxHpW3GFaaQzMohgPLcU99dcaosiwLx7mFxD8hy5JHzcllz7wRD5HlZMCc/s320/imagese.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bajak sikat</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Penyisiran (harrowing)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> - </span><span style="font-size: small;">Memecahkan kepingan tanah besar kepasa partikal lebih kecil.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKYkDZKf3mcTquZ26KoCCY415ffEJShu1KZ6YgRCas1x7hvjYRSL8XtFRXZjplo0aNSmAO62mHTebskdPTY1t4Wg1ilQj_yrrUkhbK9x-lBc9x1wPGfWbhF6XeabGVh12zeS8YWqgB_P0/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKYkDZKf3mcTquZ26KoCCY415ffEJShu1KZ6YgRCas1x7hvjYRSL8XtFRXZjplo0aNSmAO62mHTebskdPTY1t4Wg1ilQj_yrrUkhbK9x-lBc9x1wPGfWbhF6XeabGVh12zeS8YWqgB_P0/s320/Picture1.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Pemutaran (rotovating)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> - </span><span style="font-size: small;">Memecahkan lagi partikel tanah kepada saiz lebih kecil dilakukan sebaik sahaja kerja-kerja menyikat tanah selesai (kecuali tanah gembur)</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b>2. MENABUR KAPUR</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Setelah selesai prose membajak, kawasan tanaman akan ditabur biji benih dan dibaja bagi memastikan benih rumput bercambah dengan baik.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Kapur penting untuk memastikan pH tanah yang sesuai dan lebih digalakkan untuk tanaman pastura campuran. Biasanya pH yang disarankan antara 5.0-7.0</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"> Kadar penggunaan kapur bergantung kepada pH asal tanah. Biasanya, dicadangkan 2000kg sehektar yang dijangkakan dapat menaikkan pH sebanyak 0.5</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kapur berfungsi untuk :-</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Menambah elemen dan mikronutrien sekunder untuk pertumbuhan pastura (Cu, Co, Zn, Mo, B dan Cl) </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Merendahkan elemen seperti Fe (besi), manganese (Mn) dan aluminium (Al) yang banyak dalam tanah berasid</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Membekalkan kalsium (Ca) dan magnesium (Mg) yang selalunya kurang dalam tanah</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Meningkatkan aktiviti mikroorganisme yang dapat mempercepatkan pemineralan (pereputan) bahan organik</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Mengalakkan pembentukan tanah, iaitu membaiki pengudaraan tanah.</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. PENANAMAN PASTURA</b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dijalankan sebelum atau pada permulaan musim hujan. Cara tanaman bergantung kepada spesies pastura atau fodder tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat 3 cara penanaman iaitu pembenihan, penanaman batang dan menggunakan akar.</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Penanaman Biji Benih</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kuantiti biji benih yang diperlukan bagi keluasan sehektar bergantung kepada jenis, kuantiti dan cara menanam. Contoh jenis rumput ialah kuda (guinea), para, ruzi dan signal manakala contoh jenis kekacang pula ialah centro, stylo, calapo dan petai belalang.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">2. Penanaman Batang/Tampang</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSJ0DNOynZrKdBjAGe13bxsljtuOQooNZtVqBhDTtCDjW0NIgUVz-BSdDhIawmOKmc9ml6HOhDZULly0NzvNCzZCBCa_6oTePEonB-HtOBDArmY9CwBWLxAEAiny1zipQd9NVhL7fhE4/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSJ0DNOynZrKdBjAGe13bxsljtuOQooNZtVqBhDTtCDjW0NIgUVz-BSdDhIawmOKmc9ml6HOhDZULly0NzvNCzZCBCa_6oTePEonB-HtOBDArmY9CwBWLxAEAiny1zipQd9NVhL7fhE4/s320/Picture3.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Batang-batang keratan mestilah cukup tua dan tidak dibiarkan terdedah kepada cahaya matahari, kerana ia akan menyebabkan batang tersebut rosak dan susah untuk bercambah. Terdapat 3 cara penanaman yang biasa dilakukan iaitu menanam secara cucuk, baring dan tidak mengikut baris.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 3. Penanaman Rumput Akar/Rizon</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNNDZwraOunAdo0jnvz6lyKsxejUZqNE-Cpzdb-Ycc6uU0bWuQ21nt8eRSrGSzr6zVF9d-BWqOoW48s_W9dCvwjh4qCv2ctZkDep8RgB1BfuD8CDRalepISxsuRw_XTx8Y_Pz5Omlj4M/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghNNDZwraOunAdo0jnvz6lyKsxejUZqNE-Cpzdb-Ycc6uU0bWuQ21nt8eRSrGSzr6zVF9d-BWqOoW48s_W9dCvwjh4qCv2ctZkDep8RgB1BfuD8CDRalepISxsuRw_XTx8Y_Pz5Omlj4M/s320/Picture5.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sesuai untuk spesis yang tidak mengeluarkan biji benih dan bukan dari jenis menjalar, contohnya rumput kuda (guinea). Serumpun rumput guinea boleh dibelah-belah akarnya dengan kadar 1:10 atau 1 hektar guinea yang subur untuk kawasan seluas 10 hektar.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><br />
<span style="color: red;">4. PEMBAJAAN</span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kesan yang mungkin terjadi oleh kerana kesan pembajaan ialah keracunan urea terhadap binatang ternakan, oleh itu ternakan hanya digalakkan untuk meragut pastura selepas 14 hari pembajaan dibuat. kadar sebenar pembajaan bergantung kepada keputusan analisa ujian tanah atau jenis tumbuhan yang hidup di atasnya.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Masa pembajaan yang baik ialah di musim hujan atau bila-bila masa sekiranya mempunyai sistem pengairan yang baik. Elakkan pembajaan pada musim panas, kerana gas nitrogen yang terdapat dalam urea akan meresap keudara. Di samping pembaziran, ia juga tidak dapat hasil yang optima kerana urea yang ditaburkan di musim panas tidak mudah larut dan ini akan membahayakan ternakan yang meragut.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Baja yang paling jimat ialah baja organik yang diperbuat daripada najis lembu itu sendiri, seekor lembu yang berat 420kg boleh mengeluarkan 19 kg najis sehari. Baja organik ini kaya dengan nitrogen, fosforus dan kalium, ia tidak merbahaya dan menjimatkan kos serta memelihara alam sekitar. Baja ini boleh digunakan secara terus dari kandang ke padang pastura dengan cara basah atau kering.</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-8633198191444380402010-08-12T00:21:00.005+08:002010-08-25T04:58:01.504+08:00Gentian Asli<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian asli merupakan gentian yang berasal dari tumbuhan, haiwan dan mineral. Gentian asli mempunyai 4 kategori, iaitu gentian tumbuhan, gentian mineral, dan gentian haiwan serta gentian getah.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GENTIAN TUMBUHAN</b></span></div><ol style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Linen</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpm1CuB8eLvmwEDdqRZoiPW1Xz7cy9Uovqad_el3krgSz3O5bfbs_zvRLsiRpq70DAF8OjOSxJohDfjTfwQMf8F6rJXKUfeR6mo3Pg4nR_FNGGWinvmH3N2VzW2iJqZWWFJGjsMngTXfg/s1600/Picture7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpm1CuB8eLvmwEDdqRZoiPW1Xz7cy9Uovqad_el3krgSz3O5bfbs_zvRLsiRpq70DAF8OjOSxJohDfjTfwQMf8F6rJXKUfeR6mo3Pg4nR_FNGGWinvmH3N2VzW2iJqZWWFJGjsMngTXfg/s320/Picture7.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian paling kukuh dan paling halus</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Selulosa pokok fleks adalah bahan asa untuk fabrik linen</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">ketinggian 1 m dan diameter 3mm</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">mengandungi gam dan lilin untuk mengekalkan bentuknya</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">digunakan untuk membuat pakaian dan kain kelengkapan rumahtangga</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">contoh fabrik seperti linen jarang,damask dan linen berat</span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">2. Gentian Kapas</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikNfZpaulvzFGOanfV3JfUyN0PeZuMrcRsq02qO2D-cg3N2thgjJGLXmnU5m7RTHhOF-UM2qYI-KdEuJrba6Xj6Bu6MXRWR5Nb8s0IXSXznnT6QOnuQPBtQEwLBRAhu_RyR2v5aSqSRDU/s1600/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikNfZpaulvzFGOanfV3JfUyN0PeZuMrcRsq02qO2D-cg3N2thgjJGLXmnU5m7RTHhOF-UM2qYI-KdEuJrba6Xj6Bu6MXRWR5Nb8s0IXSXznnT6QOnuQPBtQEwLBRAhu_RyR2v5aSqSRDU/s320/Picture8.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">dihasilkan daripada buah pokok kapas</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Merupakan gentian tertua, mula digunakan orang Mesir pada awal tahun 2500sebelum masihi.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Sesuai digunakan untuk membuat pakaian dan kain kelengkapan rumah tangga</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Contoh, drill, denim, tuala teri, belacu dan sebagainya</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: purple;">3. Rami</span></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> Dari pokok rami yang banyak terdapat di China, Brazil, Colombia , Jepun dan India</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Menyerupai gentian fleks</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dicampur dengan gentian lain seperti poliester untuk dijadikan pakaian. Contohnya, kemeja, jaket, skirt dan pakaian yang berkait.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 4. Jut dan Abaka</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Negara pengeluar ialah India dan Pakistan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Menyerupai pokok fleks tetapi gentian lebih kasar, mudah hancur dan kurang kukuh berbanding dengan linen</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Menghasilkan kain guni, tali dan alas bawah permaidani</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Abaka sesuai dijadikan alas pinggan ,pakaian dan tali</span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GENTIAN HAIWAN</b></span></div><ol style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> Sutera</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75rBWhGGGN6F5MEN6HINAxwy98_J_7lGpFSUFt9k-x_PlpGnM11amj40bRqwq1U1cZN781Q3-yFrmc28khmcnGuSR8k5URpMhc5BrvObRZ7-e1pZLq5ghFWZD94EmHjHmuNcBOqMnQDo/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg75rBWhGGGN6F5MEN6HINAxwy98_J_7lGpFSUFt9k-x_PlpGnM11amj40bRqwq1U1cZN781Q3-yFrmc28khmcnGuSR8k5URpMhc5BrvObRZ7-e1pZLq5ghFWZD94EmHjHmuNcBOqMnQDo/s320/Picture4.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian yang teguh, lembut dan halus</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">mempunyai 3 jenis iaitu thrown silk, spun silk dan noil silk</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dihasilkan dari lelehan atau air liur ulat sutera</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Digunakan membuat tudung, tali leher, blaus, kemeja, langsir dan sarung kusyen</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Contoh seperti satin, sifon, georget, syantung broked dan jacquard.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> 2. Benang Sayat</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB2DdIElp-rx3HPH6pbRAtggaTXvAGST4ps0ob71AC6wAgnNqADT0azw6RjxGoAwVPEXCdc_ThllemJrvjM33KRVlgk7E_0-tTuqFS3mlC77paMjsMxFCYVrv0aJIdDWs3eIkYeE7L2k/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVB2DdIElp-rx3HPH6pbRAtggaTXvAGST4ps0ob71AC6wAgnNqADT0azw6RjxGoAwVPEXCdc_ThllemJrvjM33KRVlgk7E_0-tTuqFS3mlC77paMjsMxFCYVrv0aJIdDWs3eIkYeE7L2k/s320/Picture3.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Sumber utama dari kambing biri-biri</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Negara pengeluar adalah Australia, New Zealand, Afrika Selatan, Uruguay dan Amerika syarikat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian bulu biri-biri jenis Merino merupakan gentian yang paling baik kerana ia halus dan panjang</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">kualiti gentian bergantung kepada biri-biri, iklim dan kaedah penternakan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Yarn worsted merupakan gentian yang lebih halus, licin dan dipilin ketat</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GENTIAN MINERAL</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv2Q9BIcsIqY-3MBfFJCRi_PUmC1o3RkwI1yIhyphenhyphenG2zULHRRO9tz3DVJcCh43-IPOGZo29RPihebIc2nZdyi3WrAdX4j9O5jfFp5JnitzCH3N8Z7Pc9HHImzlJGikzoxxyg9hG9AzII4gM/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv2Q9BIcsIqY-3MBfFJCRi_PUmC1o3RkwI1yIhyphenhyphenG2zULHRRO9tz3DVJcCh43-IPOGZo29RPihebIc2nZdyi3WrAdX4j9O5jfFp5JnitzCH3N8Z7Pc9HHImzlJGikzoxxyg9hG9AzII4gM/s200/Picture2.jpg" width="193" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian asbestos</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dilombong di Australia, Kanada dan Afrika selatan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Satu-satunya gentian kalis api, menyerupai kristal, halus, kukuh dan tahan panas (sehingga 500 c)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dibuat pakaian bomba, langsir drep, selimut dan sarung tangan ketuhar</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjShWVMgCitXieAEu5_jeiUXoD9oEaouXHw353qSIZIcviTB0aTzyrLn4wHKqgNN9JpZWFgY5Y8s8OH7ptsaRQBIz0IIS2WkYiF7TjOAt_XC3TWxvXVZKbigz7YjgOsz7xqwsBis_qzFI0/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjShWVMgCitXieAEu5_jeiUXoD9oEaouXHw353qSIZIcviTB0aTzyrLn4wHKqgNN9JpZWFgY5Y8s8OH7ptsaRQBIz0IIS2WkYiF7TjOAt_XC3TWxvXVZKbigz7YjgOsz7xqwsBis_qzFI0/s320/images.jpg" width="111" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: purple; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>GENTIAN GETAH</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWDk1vOaUSUvswvYo7y6i9Y_PapP2xuX0V5BXXYJMI-5qT2mU_B1H1zkL-O_z_AhRsGynWgfa2Cb8b4ckX00Zq_z8wakLYvNfE4kGUZoW0TdC9xt5PofUlrzWzE5WG53Fxt8Wv0aCvOTo/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWDk1vOaUSUvswvYo7y6i9Y_PapP2xuX0V5BXXYJMI-5qT2mU_B1H1zkL-O_z_AhRsGynWgfa2Cb8b4ckX00Zq_z8wakLYvNfE4kGUZoW0TdC9xt5PofUlrzWzE5WG53Fxt8Wv0aCvOTo/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gentian elastomer</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Daripada susu getah asli</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dibekukan dan diproses untuk dijadikan yarn dalam penghasilan pakaian dasar</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Mempunyai sifat memeri dengan baik, sesuai untuk pakaian sukan, pakaian mandi, tali pinggang dan sarung tangan.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH2KP4V9uRn5lxKkZhCuxFMjZnQpX7_WAHaZk5An0MKKwclHK5APP4lBIjae0MMccjFXgWEkKKlfWcGhnj0xPngWG1B-XVX7HWiKwa8oJYOVq22LuDYadZBa6K-BZtjyj1QpHJmRZmdUg/s1600/images8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH2KP4V9uRn5lxKkZhCuxFMjZnQpX7_WAHaZk5An0MKKwclHK5APP4lBIjae0MMccjFXgWEkKKlfWcGhnj0xPngWG1B-XVX7HWiKwa8oJYOVq22LuDYadZBa6K-BZtjyj1QpHJmRZmdUg/s320/images8.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">*Suzana Sidek UTM Skudai</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-4963513210297513522010-08-11T23:50:00.004+08:002010-08-25T04:58:27.808+08:00ANALISIS LITAR SIRI, LITAR SELARI, DAN LITAR SIRI SELARI<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>LITAR SIRI</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Litar yang mengandungi beban eletrik yang disambung secara siri.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>LITAR SELARI</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Litar selari yang mengandungi beban eletrik yang disambung secara selari.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>LITAR SIRI SELARI</b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> Litar yang mengandungi beban eletrik yang disambung secara siri dan juga selari.</span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> PERBEZAAN LITAR SIRI DAN SELARI</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXAK3h1nTchkHM6vgtFA0j3q5JvHGhO0pegvUNY-R9MOTj7VVV9b2AhZkE15gfCeWKJm3RbJzZ4BWIF_WATdQNip-Rfnm_VmTJq4vdDnwnkOPKcdVITo3CQf2p_Q8UNDOJbj4C4PTgms/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXAK3h1nTchkHM6vgtFA0j3q5JvHGhO0pegvUNY-R9MOTj7VVV9b2AhZkE15gfCeWKJm3RbJzZ4BWIF_WATdQNip-Rfnm_VmTJq4vdDnwnkOPKcdVITo3CQf2p_Q8UNDOJbj4C4PTgms/s400/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>HUKUM OHM</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam satu litar, arus yang mengalir berkadar terus voltan dan berkadar songsang dengan rintangan beban pada suhu tetap.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hukum Ohm digunakan untuk menyelesaikan penghitungan nilai kuantiti eletrik dalam litar eletrik.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih7bw3Kc0kUh7IsqY5lpbrqGoRSOkgCMCz5FW3T-xkMIjjShDjx6f80h46G8hRmR5L_byptqrDWWwvjYcPeDIIshtaGoaMc9iCEGGx6AkABSoleamg-LGNwRTpg2x0KPZeU4l3jC5uMqg/s1600/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih7bw3Kc0kUh7IsqY5lpbrqGoRSOkgCMCz5FW3T-xkMIjjShDjx6f80h46G8hRmR5L_byptqrDWWwvjYcPeDIIshtaGoaMc9iCEGGx6AkABSoleamg-LGNwRTpg2x0KPZeU4l3jC5uMqg/s320/Picture8.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>HUKUM KIRCHHOFF</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hukum arus Kirchhoff (HAK)</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jumlah arus yang memasuki sesuau nod sama dengan jumlah arus yang meninggalkan nod tersebut.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggglkh3Cg4o2dFsxkunZtDMsQrgxIu9joLKTGCXsgy4Oe87uURFCMB5qEYTKCOVOtjDgPgYZraIU_LEQgdTV3p7C5d-HwabBwPSu2xl94s92XHXjTj8BRgiDQrrUgygGqNpOhhXfjVj9k/s1600/Picture10.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggglkh3Cg4o2dFsxkunZtDMsQrgxIu9joLKTGCXsgy4Oe87uURFCMB5qEYTKCOVOtjDgPgYZraIU_LEQgdTV3p7C5d-HwabBwPSu2xl94s92XHXjTj8BRgiDQrrUgygGqNpOhhXfjVj9k/s320/Picture10.png" /></a></span></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Hukum voltan Kirchhoff (HVK)</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam satu gelung litar lengkap, jumlah voltan punca bersamaan dengan jumlah voltan yang susut pada beban.</span></li>
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</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b style="color: magenta;">PERINTANG TETAP</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b style="color: magenta;">FUNGSI</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Untuk mengawal pengaliran arus dan mendapatkan susunan voltan dalam litar.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Digunakan pada radio, televisyen, dan amplifier.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unit sukatan diukur dalam Ohm.</span></li>
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> KOD WARNA PERINTANG TETAP</b></span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJ9ZD7VqByEPbuYzU61uy1wHqJrUOwS69_WwyUzDgPRyapg1ikRMDFirAXq2a7KeN18AwPOXELfvFhwwDTwNsD_qcmcuUExL0lbVbv2KaunfJ0m79af-KKfw1tLOxqo64QJT6J8ZJufo/s1600/Picture16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="48" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTJ9ZD7VqByEPbuYzU61uy1wHqJrUOwS69_WwyUzDgPRyapg1ikRMDFirAXq2a7KeN18AwPOXELfvFhwwDTwNsD_qcmcuUExL0lbVbv2KaunfJ0m79af-KKfw1tLOxqo64QJT6J8ZJufo/s320/Picture16.png" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxt75mS555vgGSZuRMr03h9rTbzxFY37uruCntUx1l3ZJm7KcmOoP5hJ6L5-7_kbhKKO5X320C2eUI_9j13rEo5EBg2wg6iYWVp6AM1ttut4l30MWV9wlGwAkMQj3JXJh0uC0wwQ4j_vY/s1600/Picture17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxt75mS555vgGSZuRMr03h9rTbzxFY37uruCntUx1l3ZJm7KcmOoP5hJ6L5-7_kbhKKO5X320C2eUI_9j13rEo5EBg2wg6iYWVp6AM1ttut4l30MWV9wlGwAkMQj3JXJh0uC0wwQ4j_vY/s200/Picture17.png" width="160" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXg4J8jFOZxgCoezBkLVqg8h69IortwvJ2MHAqmaq4EnQkgGwQdXvLkGUlhymqS_Qk_H9dEr9xHf-XaAVul-j-n-s3lVibNxUwMzvNigJ1Bfu0xYkSul4U3Y8ubtZ8vTgCGY-hvbw8BjQ/s1600/Picture18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXg4J8jFOZxgCoezBkLVqg8h69IortwvJ2MHAqmaq4EnQkgGwQdXvLkGUlhymqS_Qk_H9dEr9xHf-XaAVul-j-n-s3lVibNxUwMzvNigJ1Bfu0xYkSul4U3Y8ubtZ8vTgCGY-hvbw8BjQ/s200/Picture18.png" width="200" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><ul style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ul>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-69453409715687019322010-08-09T22:33:00.002+08:002010-08-25T04:58:58.887+08:00MESIN KIMPALAN MIG<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsApePyozZJOlbXtBo6Ts0DtQP4SlIO04E7SZtiua2x20vGU-ASbj1GH2gSgBqlnOztSUNZ-0zGA7DUZvAOA9uNKKBjl4LgJI3UFcTYnyvQKAmsDp178TyLnmhKO05h-oroaF1j_NIJDA/s1600/mig+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsApePyozZJOlbXtBo6Ts0DtQP4SlIO04E7SZtiua2x20vGU-ASbj1GH2gSgBqlnOztSUNZ-0zGA7DUZvAOA9uNKKBjl4LgJI3UFcTYnyvQKAmsDp178TyLnmhKO05h-oroaF1j_NIJDA/s320/mig+2.jpg" width="257" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">MIG (Metal Innert Gas Welding) ataupun dikenali sebagai Kimpalan logam Gas Lengai, dalam proses ini elektrod akan melebur dan bercampur dengan leburan logam induk untuk membentuk kopak kimpal. Oleh yang demikian, eletrod mestilah dibekalkan arus yang berterusan sepanjang proses kimpalan itu dijalankan. Untuk bekalan elektrod yang berterusan, elektrod diperbuat dalam bentuk dawai yang boleh dihulurkan keluar dari muncung pengimpal secara automatik pada kelajuan yang ditentukan. Gas pelindung dibekalkan melaui muncung kimpal seperti yang dilakukan dalam kimpalan TIG, proses ini boleh dilakukan secara automatik atau separauh automatik. walau bagaimanapun, alat kelengkapan MIG adalah lebih rumit kerana prosesnya memerlukan huluran slektrod yang berterusan dan seragam.</span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">MIG digunakan dengan meluas untuk kimpalan yang memerlukan kadar pengeluaran tinggi, contohnya dalam kilang pembuatan. </span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: magenta; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>KOMPONEN MIG</b></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8TKJL3jBTjDRZdYbdRN4Tw3VkOkDTUBuCMPbu6MsYfQk3WHV5nmVqCJfvmuiqBzbj42FmP7qRnpQKKRUgYFPd-dYCHzZcVuTlzL5i6LslsX2SGTOk0k6PLRTufqQHARA8Sh2jBo4Hg3o/s1600/mig3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8TKJL3jBTjDRZdYbdRN4Tw3VkOkDTUBuCMPbu6MsYfQk3WHV5nmVqCJfvmuiqBzbj42FmP7qRnpQKKRUgYFPd-dYCHzZcVuTlzL5i6LslsX2SGTOk0k6PLRTufqQHARA8Sh2jBo4Hg3o/s320/mig3.JPG" /></a></span></div></div><ul style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Bekalan kuasa</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pada kebiasaannya, mesin untuk kimpalan MIG ialah penjana motor atau penerus jenis bekalan kuasa bervoltan malar yang membekalkan arus terus sehingga 25 ampere. Secara automatiknya voltan akan berubah-ubah mengikut jarak celahan diantara hujung dawai elektrod dengan kerja, manakala arus pula berubah secara songsang ketika kerja dilakukan. </span></div><ul style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Penembak kimpalan</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Penembak bekalan biasanya digunakan untuk mengeluarkan dawai elektrod dan gas pelindung. Kaedah mengeluarkan dawai elektrod dari muncung penembak ialah secara tarik atau tolak.</span></div><ul style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Gas pelindung</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Untuk MIG, gas karbon dioksida digunakan. Gas karbon digunakan untuk mengimpal MIG keluli karbon.</span> </div><ul style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Dawai elektrod </span></li>
</ul><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;">Sangat penting dan mestilah dari logam yang mempunyai kerencaman yang sama dengan bahan kerja yang dikimpal.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelebihan kimpalan MIG :</span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: small;">Proses boleh di automasikan (digabungkan dengan robot)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Proses lebih cepat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Hasil kimpalan bermutu tinggi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Arka dan kubang kimpal mudah dilihat semasa melakukan pengimpalan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Kimpalan bolah dibuat pada semua kedudukan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Boleh mengimpal semua jenis logam utama</span></li>
</ul></div><div style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> *sumber daripada http://kimpalanteraswaja.blogspot.com</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-80921087762900543222010-08-07T16:22:00.002+08:002010-08-25T04:59:42.732+08:00SISTEM MASUKAN DAN EKZOS (PEMERIKSAAN DAN PELARASAN INJAP)<div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwGSu3or3HjzwJR9FhQKzFiskNSBW8KT7_ry25L5A4rvmtuXS1asgWGpQKjcSagzBwDCz8voiJDJ1kKT51p2v2yA-vMFI5s2YWgHOthUOOI5Da2QyEBWTTJkFjez1peFZLchYqBkojfE/s1600/Picture14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrwGSu3or3HjzwJR9FhQKzFiskNSBW8KT7_ry25L5A4rvmtuXS1asgWGpQKjcSagzBwDCz8voiJDJ1kKT51p2v2yA-vMFI5s2YWgHOthUOOI5Da2QyEBWTTJkFjez1peFZLchYqBkojfE/s320/Picture14.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PENGENALAN INJAP</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Injap dalam enjin terbahagi kepada dua iaitu masukan dan injap keluaran.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Injap masukan berperanan mengawal kemasukan campuran udara-bahan api ke dalam ruang pembakaran enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Injap keluaran pula berperanan mengawal keluaran sisa-sisa pembakaran (gas ekzos)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Pergerakan kedua-dua jenis injap ini dikendalikan oleh rangkaian injap atau sistem injap yang dipandu oleh aci sesondol.</span></li>
</ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-MhJ3WxFfGbC6hqBP8I20CTKb2FdZ5BdDxzFkMpOJ_Tz39c64UeFlYOrF0ypAAB28wSDXc4EObEY7jAoiO4GKJBhkUHLQCSG3SMGd5_WI5YtyTF9C8vryzNNhh_tY1uFDcFNImPju_g/s1600/Picture15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT-MhJ3WxFfGbC6hqBP8I20CTKb2FdZ5BdDxzFkMpOJ_Tz39c64UeFlYOrF0ypAAB28wSDXc4EObEY7jAoiO4GKJBhkUHLQCSG3SMGd5_WI5YtyTF9C8vryzNNhh_tY1uFDcFNImPju_g/s320/Picture15.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">RANGKAIAN INJAP</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIxpNfaT6CfUvleOBM26OqBQJElI4JxOA-0KlqJ-JyCYBoaYHMHE5R5MiyfyKB955YQnXZpHdLoB7UB-AcstMM6uBjH-Y1S4cwbUpTEXSJHpIyzZQ9x34s0zZ_0yO4WhH1OGMJEWHKXh4/s1600/Picture16.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIxpNfaT6CfUvleOBM26OqBQJElI4JxOA-0KlqJ-JyCYBoaYHMHE5R5MiyfyKB955YQnXZpHdLoB7UB-AcstMM6uBjH-Y1S4cwbUpTEXSJHpIyzZQ9x34s0zZ_0yO4WhH1OGMJEWHKXh4/s320/Picture16.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTfBCxbA2q4XdQ-5Jd-R49DAu6i9fPFSCKAd0ENtCM5CRhHamLx8eLAJmEgHpmeUpmhiZRBtHxHHcSWqP9Er4ZBp2l5GX4h_bfA0bQp7LbX21wd7K4qUFMrMxO2GHEpkXQQbpPmL-vJAM/s1600/Picture17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTfBCxbA2q4XdQ-5Jd-R49DAu6i9fPFSCKAd0ENtCM5CRhHamLx8eLAJmEgHpmeUpmhiZRBtHxHHcSWqP9Er4ZBp2l5GX4h_bfA0bQp7LbX21wd7K4qUFMrMxO2GHEpkXQQbpPmL-vJAM/s320/Picture17.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOItgntovHUoSrcBGn2QZ1jCIQ3pjAjcCZwSPtP7rYp7WDMivQszlwlwcnB5RfPTnSfaBhBjF8tfCHVVsQtmhW74IIpgTwfkRRbFg5W4nUQe4KdKsZa6j5AVOfjUdJ-n5n8mNAvc10Ny4/s1600/Picture18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOItgntovHUoSrcBGn2QZ1jCIQ3pjAjcCZwSPtP7rYp7WDMivQszlwlwcnB5RfPTnSfaBhBjF8tfCHVVsQtmhW74IIpgTwfkRRbFg5W4nUQe4KdKsZa6j5AVOfjUdJ-n5n8mNAvc10Ny4/s320/Picture18.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;">PEMERIKSAAN DAN PELARASAN RUANG KELEGAN INJAP</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kenapa perlu dilaksanakan</b></span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Ruang kelegaan injap perlu sentiasa berada pada jarak yang tertentu mengikut jenis-jenis enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Sekiranya jarak kelegaan terlalu besar, akan menghasilkan bunyi bising pada enjin terutamanya pada suhu sejuk.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Jika jarak kelegaan terlalu kecil pula, akan mengurangkan kemampatan campuran udara-bahan api dan seterusnya mengurangkan kecekapan enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Jarak kelegaan bagi injap masukan yang sepatutnya ialah 0.2 mm</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Bagi injap keluaran pula, jarak kelegaan yang sepatutnya ialah pada 0.25 mm.</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CARA MEMERIKSA DAN MELARASKAN RUANG KELEGAAN INJAP</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> Hidupkan enjin dan biarkan suhu enjin mencapai sehingga kira-kira 80 darjah. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Tanggalkan kesemua palam pencucuh dari kepala enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Tanggalkan rocker cover dari kepala enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Putarkan aci engkol sehingga 2 daripada 4 piston berada pada kedudukan TTA dalam ruang pembakaran enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Kenal pasti injap-injap yang berada dalam keadaan tertutup dengan menggerakkan lengan jumpelang.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Periksa jarak kelegaan injap dengan menggunakan tolok perasa dan laraskan sehingga jarak kelegaan yang sepatutnya dicapai.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Sekiranya jarak kelegaan perlu dilaraskan semula, longgarkan nat pengunci pada lengan jupelang menggunakan spanar gelang dan laraskan ruang kelegaan menggunakan tolok perasa sambil memutarkan pemutar skru.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Setelah jarak kelegaan yang sepatutnya diperolehi, ketatkan semula nat pengunci tanpa melepaskan pemutar skru.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Putarkan aci engkol 360 darjah untuk membolehkan 2 piston yang lain pula berada pada kedudukan TTA.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Ulangi langkah 6, 7, dan 8.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Pasang semula rocker cover dan palam pencucuh.</span></li>
</ol><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMd0PpkJGBM-_ghYNiC9Cl3kfNq-WRxMVfpyigiT_H16t7FHau_NSpibV09NgMAG6GZfakO-YO4yjxpezhMSG-dI5OdXu6zBYVXxuj-WgPjvyBrV0fqd5iJ9DyktIvqk9HLF3i0EuRKyk/s1600/Picture19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMd0PpkJGBM-_ghYNiC9Cl3kfNq-WRxMVfpyigiT_H16t7FHau_NSpibV09NgMAG6GZfakO-YO4yjxpezhMSG-dI5OdXu6zBYVXxuj-WgPjvyBrV0fqd5iJ9DyktIvqk9HLF3i0EuRKyk/s320/Picture19.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWd3Wd9EXYHURC-4LU71t6-or_ew9QDQjAFHkbHUGe5tb6k6ZIVxjYoBSNq0xJLGPcmhb-GEtXyoYPuSE8XAHQIA1UQZW5uQgpYUQnp94tlazxs1SjhkJYe02C62zoQQuJdoA6qXnEf2c/s1600/Picture20.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWd3Wd9EXYHURC-4LU71t6-or_ew9QDQjAFHkbHUGe5tb6k6ZIVxjYoBSNq0xJLGPcmhb-GEtXyoYPuSE8XAHQIA1UQZW5uQgpYUQnp94tlazxs1SjhkJYe02C62zoQQuJdoA6qXnEf2c/s320/Picture20.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqF1XuJYs2fO77Y5ANundu-Vp_-zjRcjMyftSBiAgy8ZJOcqvSknQxENhLWvcuJRN6ZLc0H_UO3SJDGWMe2rjTXI29HmDElVysY-0VsBSvfZkg38yvfAz5T5uiqDS1rAJ8WRu4j3nchZA/s1600/Picture21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqF1XuJYs2fO77Y5ANundu-Vp_-zjRcjMyftSBiAgy8ZJOcqvSknQxENhLWvcuJRN6ZLc0H_UO3SJDGWMe2rjTXI29HmDElVysY-0VsBSvfZkg38yvfAz5T5uiqDS1rAJ8WRu4j3nchZA/s320/Picture21.png" /></a></span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-76484153595396159772010-08-06T01:48:00.002+08:002010-08-25T05:00:08.439+08:00SISTEM PELINCIRAN DALAN ENJIN KENDERAAN<div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">SISTEM PELINCIRAN</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZME5eblrYSTlrKGgMxQtRTSdCJAbndCFvZErYUw2KQZy9OLLmdwtwQm3nBvRGaqcrrtRO8MGc6JI8Wd5SuZO2SwqZTsgmNlxgW1HxXObFX4hWFViMEIZZcx4fz7gLHbowsxBYTheTRho/s1600/Picture31.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZME5eblrYSTlrKGgMxQtRTSdCJAbndCFvZErYUw2KQZy9OLLmdwtwQm3nBvRGaqcrrtRO8MGc6JI8Wd5SuZO2SwqZTsgmNlxgW1HxXObFX4hWFViMEIZZcx4fz7gLHbowsxBYTheTRho/s320/Picture31.png" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">FUNGSI :-</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Membekalkan minyak pelincir kepada semua bahagian yang bergerak dalam enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Bertujuan untuk mengurangkan geseran dan kehausan pada setiap komponen atau bahagian tersebut.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Menghindarkan kepanasan akibat daripada pergeseran komponen-komponen yang bergerak dalam enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Minyak enjin (pelincir) memberi satu lapisan nipis untuk memisahkan bahagian-bahagian yang bergerak dalam enjin.</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN YANG BERGERAK DALAM ENJIN</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCItD340Z0Djkc0EL_5BbRYPja0CUlJzGrM3C7hZf0F6anOO0Xk4Adi4gzjbESjGYjDLSOyvgI0fdBKzAbiOHVnjgUkGc0xXYt7kFQfMSBTozJIecf5tWCL-i8YAr2yz5YU78FnS_dbuM/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCItD340Z0Djkc0EL_5BbRYPja0CUlJzGrM3C7hZf0F6anOO0Xk4Adi4gzjbESjGYjDLSOyvgI0fdBKzAbiOHVnjgUkGc0xXYt7kFQfMSBTozJIecf5tWCL-i8YAr2yz5YU78FnS_dbuM/s320/Picture1.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Omboh (piston)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Aci engkol (crankshaft)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Aci sesondol</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Rod penyambung (connection rod)</span></li>
</ol><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;">JENIS SISTEM PELINCIRAN</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Sistem Simbahan - digunakan dalam enjin kereta lama dan enjin empat lejang bagi mesin-mesin kecil seperti mesin rumput.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Jenis Suap Bertekan - sistem pelinciran yang bertekanan atau suapan bertekanan (digerakkan oleh pam)</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> KOMPONEN DALAM SISTEM PELINCIRAN</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy2BzHn1kApgMvPXYH6nK-AbVzmYGqxZwXwfG69q4mhzyRytRLWqZDGD1yggZbQqgQzuJXgL32IaWfLkwvPZYEkgSVsZnm7HE-cXjcyXAT9Lx0egzL1UubC6rzJmTA8izpt37QCovJsWE/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy2BzHn1kApgMvPXYH6nK-AbVzmYGqxZwXwfG69q4mhzyRytRLWqZDGD1yggZbQqgQzuJXgL32IaWfLkwvPZYEkgSVsZnm7HE-cXjcyXAT9Lx0egzL1UubC6rzJmTA8izpt37QCovJsWE/s320/Picture2.png" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Takung Minyak pelincir</b> - ruang untuk menempatkan minyak pelincir.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pam Minyak Pelincir</b> - mengepam minyak pelincir dari takung minyak pelincir untuk disalurkan ke komponen-komponen enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Penapis Minyak Pelincir</b> - menapis kotoran terutamanya zarah-zarah logam.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Salur Minyak Pelincir</b> - menyalurkan minyak pelincir ke semua komponen-komponen enjin yang bergerak.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">EDARAN MINYAK PELINCIR</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHYVpvQhmkwv57A6_SQfBN3nOtwV3nQhHp6iS95kLZU8hJoQPKdAeIia8j_Wv4-E5m6Wh4WvmdE4WwsYqXB2217sYNsF8xJYgehFmOyUab51pAV22OYCU5G8KLGuNCymPnthV4w7GbVM/s1600/Picture42.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHYVpvQhmkwv57A6_SQfBN3nOtwV3nQhHp6iS95kLZU8hJoQPKdAeIia8j_Wv4-E5m6Wh4WvmdE4WwsYqXB2217sYNsF8xJYgehFmOyUab51pAV22OYCU5G8KLGuNCymPnthV4w7GbVM/s320/Picture42.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Pam akan mengepam minyak pelincir yang berada dalam takung minyak.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minyak pelincir ditapis melalui penapis minyak.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minyak pelincir dihantar ke aci engkol.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pelincir akan melalui lubang yang terdapat pada aci engkol untuk sampai ke rod penghubung serta pada permukaan omboh dan dinding silinder.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pada masa yang sama, minyak itu akan melalui alur minyak ke bahagian kepala silinder dan seterusnya melalui alur dan dibawa kepada aci sesondol dan injap-injap yang bergerak.</span></li>
<li style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Minyak akan mengalir ke semua takungan.</span></li>
</ol><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">CIRI-CIRI MINYAK PELINCIR</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ol style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: magenta;">Kelikatan</b></span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;">-</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;">ukuran rintangan terhadap pengaliran cecair iaitu minyak pelincir. Kadar kelikatan mestilah sesuai dengan jenis enjin. Jika kelikatan terlalu rendah, minyak mudah mengalir dan tidak akan lekat pada komponen enjin. Sekiranya terlalu tinggi, pengalirannya akan menjadi terlalu perlahan.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: magenta;">Nombor kelikatan (pelincir berkelikatan tunggal)</b> </span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;">- mewakili gred kelikatan sesuatu minyak pelincir. Contohnya :- SAE 20, SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 50. Gred nombor yang lebih besar menunjukkan tahap kelikatan minyak pelincir yang lebih tinggi. (SAE = Society of Automotive Engineering)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: magenta;">Pelincir berkelikatan berbilang (multigrade)</b></span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;">- Minyak pelincir multigrade adalah dirujuk dengan 2 kadar kelikatan. Contohnya :- SAE 10W/30, SAE 15W/50, SAE 20W/50. Konsonan W bermaksud 'Winter' atau 'Wet' iaitu kadar kelikatan sewaktu suhu enjin sejuk.</span></span></li>
</ol><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">JENIS MINYAK PELINCIR</span></div><blockquote style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>1. Fully Sintetic</b> </span></blockquote><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">jenis minyak paling nipis</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">tahan sehingga 10,000 km</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">antara kadar kelikatan yang popular digunakan ialah 0W/30, 5W/40, 5W/50, atau 10W/40</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">lebih sesuai untuk kegunaan enjin-enjin moden kerana kadar kelikatannya rendah.</span></li>
</ul><blockquote style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>2. Semy Sintetic </b></span></blockquote><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">tahan sehingga 7000 km</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">menggunakan kod dari 10W hingga 15W (contoh : 15W-30)</span></li>
</ul><blockquote style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>3. Jenis Mineral</b></span></blockquote><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">paling murah</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">tahan sehingga 5000 km</span></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: magenta;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: magenta;">Video menunjukkan proses yang berlaku dalam enjin.</span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzXw5rTW1tk8c-On8YOFwezZKg9GxanuSrd65KEkDEaEDXFxffP1qYn8IZdTcgz5vN4AVM7Y7Sx4gAZXoLGRg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: magenta; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;"><br />
</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"></span></span></span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-78173187722208304932010-08-05T19:30:00.005+08:002010-08-25T05:00:27.321+08:00UNJURAN ORTOGRAFIK<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;">Pandangan ortografik ditakrifkan sebagai satu kaedah untak memaparkan bentuk lukisan sesuatu komponen mengikut arah unjuran komponen secara tepat kepada satah paparan. Tujuan unjuran lukisan ini untuk membentuk beberapa pandangan seperti pandangan pelan, hadapan dan sisi. Terdapat dua jenis lukisan ortografik, iaitu</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;">pandangan unjuran sudut pertama</span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;">dan</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;">pandangan unjuran sudut ketiga.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam kaedah unjuran ortografik kita perlu peka dan tahu bagaimana untuk menentukan kedudukan pandangan-pandangan lukisan itu dari sesuatu lukisan objek tersebut. Hasil pandangan-pandangan tersebut boleh mengambarkan atau menunjukkan bentuk permukaan objek yang sebenar.</span></div><div style="color: cyan; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Terdapat tiga arah pandangan, iaitu :</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan atas (pelan)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan depan (hadapan)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan sisi (samping)</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: magenta; font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;">Pelan (y)</span></span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8sylnVNglCwgGPgOH3ZidsZi64F0UuyOygtkIll9WENazXuHWzW8wsfKsz1Fz14FU-VXxp9WLZ7SnnQIV3nPpPFzO-Ci5vgBGr30V4K3CAFL__-OeqBk0nNORd6C9za-kjYoAFcmh9I/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD8sylnVNglCwgGPgOH3ZidsZi64F0UuyOygtkIll9WENazXuHWzW8wsfKsz1Fz14FU-VXxp9WLZ7SnnQIV3nPpPFzO-Ci5vgBGr30V4K3CAFL__-OeqBk0nNORd6C9za-kjYoAFcmh9I/s320/Picture1.jpg" width="266" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: small;">Pandangan </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: small;">hadapan (w)</span><span style="color: lime; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: yellow; font-size: small;"> Pandangan sisi (x)</span></div><div style="color: yellow; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pandangan Unjuran Sudut Pertama</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan hadapan berada di sebelah atas yang selari dengan pandangan sisi, manakala bagi pandangan atas berada di bawah pada kedudukan pandangan hadapan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simbol bagi sudut pandangan : </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCN9W5mF_7eXu4v9Z-aFa-2Qlj6u7529Iw70lH5tRchTKdxtZ7KvfDGbcDTfctjUy9shqE3aPon-JpabAPlqkjDIl4ww-Oxy0o5cMOkq2mm-Hl9oyAiznsPhIO2tYhVDTRp4gfa8qARgo/s1600/Picture2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCN9W5mF_7eXu4v9Z-aFa-2Qlj6u7529Iw70lH5tRchTKdxtZ7KvfDGbcDTfctjUy9shqE3aPon-JpabAPlqkjDIl4ww-Oxy0o5cMOkq2mm-Hl9oyAiznsPhIO2tYhVDTRp4gfa8qARgo/s320/Picture2.jpg" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTwRWF5p_3DPeggC5xT0WLAyAZnSuSNnIPDaWCBM6F1tPWTq4YICtegrwCSxEDJs8W53CF1LqE1QI3afdW6gn5IDr4vsgNp5mbz_NOYApJ2VgOoKGOOuBkQFLquphTLZVpQlXeB1Hp-j0/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTwRWF5p_3DPeggC5xT0WLAyAZnSuSNnIPDaWCBM6F1tPWTq4YICtegrwCSxEDJs8W53CF1LqE1QI3afdW6gn5IDr4vsgNp5mbz_NOYApJ2VgOoKGOOuBkQFLquphTLZVpQlXeB1Hp-j0/s320/Picture3.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lukisan untuk sistem unjuran : </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVzla7Xc8kCEwvlYfEDkUQ71TmesvAGKi7XblWQWMbOQzMwNlcGokChSRiRTjldjzQ1tw56kt70w-LMrHGHgdcv3NpihHMTZpVuzxrrfaisOc7sU718Xl8Z84BXM4ppKtu-LA8f1yQg0Q/s1600/Picture4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVzla7Xc8kCEwvlYfEDkUQ71TmesvAGKi7XblWQWMbOQzMwNlcGokChSRiRTjldjzQ1tw56kt70w-LMrHGHgdcv3NpihHMTZpVuzxrrfaisOc7sU718Xl8Z84BXM4ppKtu-LA8f1yQg0Q/s320/Picture4.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Pandangan Unjuran Sudut Ketiga</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: cyan; font-size: small;">Kedudukan pandangan sudut ketiga pula dijelaskan bahawa arah pandangan pelan (atas) berada di atas dan selari dengan pandangan hadapan dibawah, manakala kedudukan pandangan sisi (samping) pula berada sebaris mengufuk dengan pandangan hadapan. Pandangan sudut ketiga ini dapat diterangkan melalui illustrasikan objek lukisan yang kompleks dan jelas yang digambarkan.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Simbol bagi sudut pandangan ketiga :</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1-W8zrFhgxgASb6b9hJl6GGzK88neqiw04wM6sKV-hKl1l5JRCOynjOHfBu748HYz7KHXx8NfEfI2mPUEEkMOp4kZXGAHgrMJfJaChrZhPpEjJvL1-yZHuxR3I0H671s7WV60NpfhzQ0/s1600/Picture5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1-W8zrFhgxgASb6b9hJl6GGzK88neqiw04wM6sKV-hKl1l5JRCOynjOHfBu748HYz7KHXx8NfEfI2mPUEEkMOp4kZXGAHgrMJfJaChrZhPpEjJvL1-yZHuxR3I0H671s7WV60NpfhzQ0/s320/Picture5.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSC5xW8cs2c5f_Nw8vAjZUO_XkQDa3KrFnPBaV8ZPINFN8QlUSYmnFPewJVk7w-neGwZF1E4hlnqtTwOOY_QQZ7MsyfnfI0pOKlD61t8xe7WIxsK8gf_5bFEHfQjjkq8qLUGo8uwSeDGw/s1600/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSC5xW8cs2c5f_Nw8vAjZUO_XkQDa3KrFnPBaV8ZPINFN8QlUSYmnFPewJVk7w-neGwZF1E4hlnqtTwOOY_QQZ7MsyfnfI0pOKlD61t8xe7WIxsK8gf_5bFEHfQjjkq8qLUGo8uwSeDGw/s320/Picture6.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lukisan untuk sistem unjuran : </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-J7szbCwlpZCeql7Ed1pASWnJ92u7Sy30trRqqFHfK8A0Or8lZGZtOwFNXqxFheqJxwsjk5JzB5OVPBgzHMdKOsGvlSZfe4tg2YNMyEo8m9IvVvCOZI8v3O69GdlkDk-EIVaCpI7Zos/s1600/Picture7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-J7szbCwlpZCeql7Ed1pASWnJ92u7Sy30trRqqFHfK8A0Or8lZGZtOwFNXqxFheqJxwsjk5JzB5OVPBgzHMdKOsGvlSZfe4tg2YNMyEo8m9IvVvCOZI8v3O69GdlkDk-EIVaCpI7Zos/s320/Picture7.png" /></a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-16755644363330149122010-08-05T03:05:00.004+08:002010-08-25T03:53:28.998+08:00SISTEM PENYEJUKAN ENJIN<div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sistem penyejukan berfungsi untuk menyejukkan enjin agar dapat beroperasi pada suhu yang sesuai. Hal yang demikian kerana, enjin yang terlalu panas akan mengalami kerosakan manakala enjin terlalu sejuk pula tidak berupaya menghasilkan kuasa optimum.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Sistem penyejukan enjin terbahagi kepada dua, iaitu</span> <b>sistem penyejukan udara</b> dan </span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>sistem penyejukan air</b>.<br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b>Sistem Penyejukan Udara</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVRXvayuItVKGgVbeVrGrPc-KldSJceLibpsV18Hw_1-rVq5R4cc_ptTG0rA-IZQSUNlpc3-AnOtJ7adFnmvz7gW60-wH1dCb7wDrcy1M38jqlEmu1i8qcbyrrzwMZc4CkfCwtfhW3S4Y/s1600/sejuk.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVRXvayuItVKGgVbeVrGrPc-KldSJceLibpsV18Hw_1-rVq5R4cc_ptTG0rA-IZQSUNlpc3-AnOtJ7adFnmvz7gW60-wH1dCb7wDrcy1M38jqlEmu1i8qcbyrrzwMZc4CkfCwtfhW3S4Y/s320/sejuk.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Selalu digunakan pada enjin satu silinder sahaja, contohnya motosikal.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Berfungsi dengan membebaskan haba melalui sirip penyejuk, sirip penyejuk menyerap haba pada enjin hasil daripada pembakaran bahan api dan membebaskannya ke udara.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> semakin lebar luas permukaan sirip, semakin cepat proses penyejukan berlaku. </span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Sirip penyejuk</b> <span style="color: black;">-</span><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Melepaskan haba ke atmosfera dengan permukaannya yang nipis dan luas. rekabentuknya yang berkeping-keping seakan mirip sirip ikan dan disusun secara teratur bagi memberi laluan kepada angin yang akan melintasi antara sirip tersebut. hal yang demikian, bertujuan mempermudahkan hada dari kepuk pembakaran tersebar ke bahagian sirip dan udara sejuk dapat melalui sirip tersebut untuk menyerap haba keluar ke udara. Semakin luas permukaan sirip, semakin baik fungsi penyejukan.</span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Roda Tenaga</b> <span style="color: black;">- Sistem penyejukan udara mempunyai kelemahan, iaitu ia tidak mampu memberikan pemindahan haba yang seragam pada keseluruhan bahagian enjin. oleh yang demikian, kipas digunakan untuk menolak aliran udara supaya melalui seluruh permukaan enjin. Tugas kipas ini dibantu lagi dengan perumah penghembus untuk mejadikan tugas kipas lebih efisien.</span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sistem Penyejukan Air</span></b></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sistem ini juga dikenali sebagai sistem radiator, kebanyakan digunakan pada enjin yang mempunyai banyak silinder seperti kereta, lori dan sebagainya. Sistem ini berfungsi membebaskan haba melalui jaket air dan radiator. Ia menggunakan bahan penyejuk iaitu cmpuran air dn etilena glikol, cmpuran ini mempunyai ciri takat beku yang lebih rendah dan anti karat. Selain itu, cecair ini dikenakan sedikit tekanan bagi mengurangkan sejatan bahan penyejuk.</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Jaket air</b> - Ruang terbuka diantara bahagian luar dnding silinder dan bahagian blok sera kepala silinder, ruang kosong ini dipenuhi oeleh cecair penyejuk.</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Pam air</b> <span style="color: black;">- Pam ini dipacu oleh tali sawat enjin dan berfungsi mengedarkan cecair penyejuk ke seluruh sistem penyejukan. Pam akan mengepam air dari tangki bawah radiator masuk kedalam jaket air yang mengelilingi bahagian enjin dan kemudian menyalurkannya kembali ke tangki atas radiator.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Kipas enjin</b> - <span style="color: black;">Menyalurkan udara sejuk melalui radiator untuk mempercepatkan proses penyejukan cecair penyejuk dalam radiator.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Radiator</b> <span style="color: black;">- Tempat pertukaran haba dimana bahan penyejuk yang panas melalui bahagian enjin akan disejukkan semula disini melalui bantuan aliran udara daripada kipas penyejuk. Binaan tangki atas dan tangki bawah dihubungkan melalui teras yang diperbuat daripada tiub logam yang nipis.</span></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfN6DOqNrEnRugWUw-kVPgEYTP_QwBhsSQMFqg2_niDDXmuEfMfcnskirQ17Jc_WjvInW1U_ujI8avCuNcSBcGRaz8YQfdwCxFvvF7cBX7cj-5PzDzMLtfNnZ_W5IDxSROJSVf9AS5_mY/s1600/Picture17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfN6DOqNrEnRugWUw-kVPgEYTP_QwBhsSQMFqg2_niDDXmuEfMfcnskirQ17Jc_WjvInW1U_ujI8avCuNcSBcGRaz8YQfdwCxFvvF7cBX7cj-5PzDzMLtfNnZ_W5IDxSROJSVf9AS5_mY/s320/Picture17.png" /></a></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Tangki takungan</b> <span style="color: black;">- Tangki ini disambungkan dari tiub limpah di bahagian leher radiator untuk menyimpan bahan penyejuk yang melimpah kaluar dari radiator. Apabila enjin telah sejuk, bahan penyejuk akan mengecut dan disedut semula dari tangki takungan ke sistem penyejukan.</span><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="color: red;">Termostat</b><span style="color: red;"> </span>- Terletak dalam laluan alur keluar bahan penyejuk dari enjin, digunakan untuk menutup laluan bahan penyejuk ke radiator apabila enjin sejuk. Selepas enjin dipanaskan, termostat akan mengawal kuantiti pengaliran bahan penyejuk bergantung kepada tahap operasi dan suhu enjin. Komponen ini penting untuk mengawal keseimbangan suhu kendalian enjin.</span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w1EWm8XGL0SC1jRKVSQIM8jTEtS0xXVP4EVwP1kOfP11cai6_pXZTfFKmNVH3drv__7-E4cw2bIkdExfc7ntDh4uLcU5F-ChvvmhsmMwXpaEYM-o0kcN7hEpa8bk6MRcJxNP1hysiw4/s1600/Picture19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w1EWm8XGL0SC1jRKVSQIM8jTEtS0xXVP4EVwP1kOfP11cai6_pXZTfFKmNVH3drv__7-E4cw2bIkdExfc7ntDh4uLcU5F-ChvvmhsmMwXpaEYM-o0kcN7hEpa8bk6MRcJxNP1hysiw4/s320/Picture19.png" width="248" /></a></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Video dibawah menunjukkan proses</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> yang berlaku dalam sistem penyejukan enjin dengan lebih tepat lagi.</span></div></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxm6HpRL5tVZD6b-5vZMW5_kbuOseWsnjx2uSYiCq_PjluhWeskrm0fbdl3CDch7rhLkWlIuaYgzsDjUYM1bg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-67365182270655372172010-08-04T22:36:00.004+08:002010-08-25T03:23:02.874+08:00PENGIKAT DAN PENCANTUM<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRaiWtNUtGzS2wSe_Q51VhpfAJcHueaTDC81OEH2XArJRIF_tnShzEt4s3oRTZ2u57WTgMBhCXXoUysaa_TH_-lktnEfen1xGhx2yBCV-tGa8GNeWAfaQEgWuvR68jEL2Gkgxsr0nKT_w/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRaiWtNUtGzS2wSe_Q51VhpfAJcHueaTDC81OEH2XArJRIF_tnShzEt4s3oRTZ2u57WTgMBhCXXoUysaa_TH_-lktnEfen1xGhx2yBCV-tGa8GNeWAfaQEgWuvR68jEL2Gkgxsr0nKT_w/s320/images.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">JENIS DAN KEGUNAAN PENGIKAT DAN PENCANTUM</span></b></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"># Untuk menyambung dan memasang beberapa bahagian enjin</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"># Jika bahagian enjin rosak atau tidak berfungsi dengan baik, ia dapat ditanggalkan bagi tujuan menservis atau penggantian.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"># Pengikat dan pencantum dibuat daripada keluli lembut.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <b><span style="color: red;">JENIS-JENIS PENGIKAT</span></b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> BOL-kepala segi empat, kepala segi enam (heksagon)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">NAT-nat segi empat, nat heksagon, nat telinga, nat kota</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">SKRU TUDUNG-kepala bulat, kepala rata, kepala flister, kepala bujur, kepala heksagon</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">STAD</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">SESENDAL-rata dan anjal</span></li>
</ul><a name='more'></a><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">KEGUNAAN PENGIKAT</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. BOL</span><br />
<ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">-digunakan bersama nat untuk mengikat dan mengetatkan dua atau lebih komponen bahagian enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-terdiri daripada pelbagai jenis (ditentukan oleh bentuk kepalanya)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-bol yang sering digunakan ialah bol kepala segi empat dan segi enam.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-saiz bol ditentukan oleh panjang dan diameter batang.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCyKT9xxbkgaEnO9bhyIZ6nzGySLyu-9yk1iPJH1wZ2A544Cl1sDhTVQ9lxTHAtnwBifgjLk3yTrS0au62MD5WnkxGUgCtwHqt_3b5Mk5PX1EVf_XfIKlG92FbP4pZtKvHj4nWKIzMUec/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCyKT9xxbkgaEnO9bhyIZ6nzGySLyu-9yk1iPJH1wZ2A544Cl1sDhTVQ9lxTHAtnwBifgjLk3yTrS0au62MD5WnkxGUgCtwHqt_3b5Mk5PX1EVf_XfIKlG92FbP4pZtKvHj4nWKIzMUec/s320/Picture1.png" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnzGmA6yglLlp23zJxmBZRiC5Fx89l2zUg7EjI1seq765v9J0Qo904sFz53EiP5ZX6XIHiexayihPKU-XjFeYd8NbEj2jMQFYzu2EfX8gkWbf3_PD0bCVCwk4QutUmAs1qGCCQK3_j2sI/s1600/Picture2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnzGmA6yglLlp23zJxmBZRiC5Fx89l2zUg7EjI1seq765v9J0Qo904sFz53EiP5ZX6XIHiexayihPKU-XjFeYd8NbEj2jMQFYzu2EfX8gkWbf3_PD0bCVCwk4QutUmAs1qGCCQK3_j2sI/s320/Picture2.png" /></a></span></div><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">2. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NAT</span></span><br />
<ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> -nat mempunyai ulir dalam dan digunakan bersama bol atau stad</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-saiz nat ditentukan oleh ukuran diameter lubang berulir.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-nat heksagon, nat kota, nat telinga, nat segi empat</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK4WJIpoHhytu4mggBx-rapyIw7fSVutKTDkT5NGsbRSQtmjiZjOx0Ty65XxFaXjpUNAWnSntoy_QW2moHKztOjZX5_KY3GqCT3zKJTKk-PVDoFdgh-KJVsZPsqds4cRiFlf_JohW68l0/s1600/Picture3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK4WJIpoHhytu4mggBx-rapyIw7fSVutKTDkT5NGsbRSQtmjiZjOx0Ty65XxFaXjpUNAWnSntoy_QW2moHKztOjZX5_KY3GqCT3zKJTKk-PVDoFdgh-KJVsZPsqds4cRiFlf_JohW68l0/s320/Picture3.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAaXA854QIEgYN7eIWGqRsdwyzwQ5-__hjB58nhqvERFYEcX8Wc15KaLtzLhJdLZuq5ayIf1HxTPuK5E5xghxi7PzAdA1WSriO0hvxlelpy_DspsAau_SN-aehMtE2QME7k0Kg06GaGM8/s1600/Picture4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAaXA854QIEgYN7eIWGqRsdwyzwQ5-__hjB58nhqvERFYEcX8Wc15KaLtzLhJdLZuq5ayIf1HxTPuK5E5xghxi7PzAdA1WSriO0hvxlelpy_DspsAau_SN-aehMtE2QME7k0Kg06GaGM8/s320/Picture4.jpg" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGY-xUlj1VaOhRG2mAOmHprF4AMbQDuCyIYA5HbaQBeN9n78-z3lXSrFx5JiDylSHZfN2UiQC3aSrUFAEO_9eTWytw6PWKfFxFjTHpvRThAKmagKYjJ02_ZXkRQU_zGIxL1yjr7GXkQCw/s1600/Picture5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGY-xUlj1VaOhRG2mAOmHprF4AMbQDuCyIYA5HbaQBeN9n78-z3lXSrFx5JiDylSHZfN2UiQC3aSrUFAEO_9eTWytw6PWKfFxFjTHpvRThAKmagKYjJ02_ZXkRQU_zGIxL1yjr7GXkQCw/s320/Picture5.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEgqlyq3aCxUA0_KYd_qhX2yD_U0oLUPcu2FnmnJBC01WL9V1IACuyq-xg-8OiaU6Lbbe17NraTNeUjx4VK2MYaYmVB0j6dBjELWSgm0SOZxtbBmftnldcgQ2Q9Ef-1c0dxOc_w4oDvww/s1600/Picture6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEgqlyq3aCxUA0_KYd_qhX2yD_U0oLUPcu2FnmnJBC01WL9V1IACuyq-xg-8OiaU6Lbbe17NraTNeUjx4VK2MYaYmVB0j6dBjELWSgm0SOZxtbBmftnldcgQ2Q9Ef-1c0dxOc_w4oDvww/s320/Picture6.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div style="color: purple;"><span style="font-size: small;">KEGUNAAN NAT</span></div></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="font-size: small;">-Nat segi empat digunakan dengan bol dalam kerja pemasangan umum.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Nat heksagon digunakan dengan bol atau stad dalam kerja pemasangan umum.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Nat telinga digunakan di tempat yang tidak memerlukan tekanan kuat tanpa menggunakan soket atau sepana.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Nat kota digunakan bersama cemat belah untuk menahan nat terkeluar daripada bol.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3. SKRU</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="font-size: small;">-Keseluruhan batang skru tudung berulir dan digunakan tanpa nat</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Saiz skru tudung ditentukan oleh panjang dan diameter batang.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Diksrukan ke dalam lubang berulir pada bahagian enjin.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Digunakan untuk mengikat dua komponen yang salah satunya mempunyai lubang berulir.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Sepana atau soket digunakan untuk melonggarkan atau mengetatkannya.</span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpB8MNrhEhWlhBufqyLWD2Nk2qNKS2s9KIGfl_VKL206LWDIXXF0tfB9RH6V1vHTiz3he79PQYE8qIHi6HaXKh9iQxDGyAfH7MVeQSi_wm3w6TaADlDzL6MWl3QbseJeqlODYpVHoHoBw/s1600/Picture7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpB8MNrhEhWlhBufqyLWD2Nk2qNKS2s9KIGfl_VKL206LWDIXXF0tfB9RH6V1vHTiz3he79PQYE8qIHi6HaXKh9iQxDGyAfH7MVeQSi_wm3w6TaADlDzL6MWl3QbseJeqlODYpVHoHoBw/s320/Picture7.jpg" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQnYQzCi8xu_DavgZ6I-zXKl8y4krFH_5qOeXQmiU12SqrnzacfD-bM54CfZloSxYFj2Z7q2ezeEPAoJKePMoVEA0p69hbgtQfklMJ0tWgPdJx4CGtcSdJ4Zn388XQDL0wv-PHFhwi_E/s1600/Picture10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQnYQzCi8xu_DavgZ6I-zXKl8y4krFH_5qOeXQmiU12SqrnzacfD-bM54CfZloSxYFj2Z7q2ezeEPAoJKePMoVEA0p69hbgtQfklMJ0tWgPdJx4CGtcSdJ4Zn388XQDL0wv-PHFhwi_E/s320/Picture10.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJBzVs5k3WGNBll__LwPL1P_VTQdw9Ufmr82d4GGCo1s6HhyphenhyphenhJPlS57fOK_PLf-m3iBMEXclDFhfKyZWptHu5jCTbkH7xM57YFtdAFfkdIwjiN15E4-r8sPvQUwwDiYvonO6ywmL7ow04/s1600/Picture9.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJBzVs5k3WGNBll__LwPL1P_VTQdw9Ufmr82d4GGCo1s6HhyphenhyphenhJPlS57fOK_PLf-m3iBMEXclDFhfKyZWptHu5jCTbkH7xM57YFtdAFfkdIwjiN15E4-r8sPvQUwwDiYvonO6ywmL7ow04/s320/Picture9.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHpJyzP3tar_qd3b7LCSVt_dMAa2H5piUR0bEuMHw7modO2xNjec997urcyKTas0K28JKItrNcUs1QaJw5u_soTeC5ESBr9lv5Ktdsur9tOMJSisBtLh11tVPy_mxgDMaeHZnvfzOUrRU/s1600/Picture8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHpJyzP3tar_qd3b7LCSVt_dMAa2H5piUR0bEuMHw7modO2xNjec997urcyKTas0K28JKItrNcUs1QaJw5u_soTeC5ESBr9lv5Ktdsur9tOMJSisBtLh11tVPy_mxgDMaeHZnvfzOUrRU/s320/Picture8.png" /></a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">4. STAD</span></div></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="font-size: small;">-Pengikat tanpa kepala. Kedua-dua hujungnya berulir.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Bahagian berulir kasar dipasang pada bongkah enjin sementara bahagian yang berulir halus dipasang bersama dengan nat.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Saiz stad ditentukan oleh panjang batang dan diameter.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Digunakan bersama nat untuk mengikat komponen. </span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglaD9-94p7eXsrr9C_p70qgGYmFNl-zYkJd252bE_ZyJN3knhcMyH9AZq7oS80sncpOIn52jMzuAZtJ60v2E-Bu87_JzlH5NfEOVOu-_nahC0mocAoOG_gAlXzgbPA2gUa5BF7x2ncxnE/s1600/Picture11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglaD9-94p7eXsrr9C_p70qgGYmFNl-zYkJd252bE_ZyJN3knhcMyH9AZq7oS80sncpOIn52jMzuAZtJ60v2E-Bu87_JzlH5NfEOVOu-_nahC0mocAoOG_gAlXzgbPA2gUa5BF7x2ncxnE/s320/Picture11.jpg" /></a></span></div><br />
<div style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">5. SESENDAL</span></div></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">-Digunakan sebagai pengalas bol, nat dan skru.</span></li>
</ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">-Fungsi :</span></li>
</ul><ol style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"># mengelakkan pengikat menjadi longgar akibat gegaran.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"># mengelakkan permukaan bahan yang diketatkan menjadi rosak.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"># mengagihkan beban yang digunakan ke kawasan yang lebih luas.</span></li>
</ol><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">-Diperbuat daripada pelbagai jenis bahan seperti keluli lembut dan kuprum</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-Jenis : rata dan anjal</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXFREOnc-Ve_XI5028-brJn3BO5sF-T7fKj6ZUd1CkDhuqEwlbU1YxnpgiceZc2lW46fbBDU3QkJT32_ReehL5IeiJDw66httbc57OxGIX5Vtc0_oQvvK0Q1JG7GISJpJWb3I0DGN-vs/s1600/Picture12.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJXFREOnc-Ve_XI5028-brJn3BO5sF-T7fKj6ZUd1CkDhuqEwlbU1YxnpgiceZc2lW46fbBDU3QkJT32_ReehL5IeiJDw66httbc57OxGIX5Vtc0_oQvvK0Q1JG7GISJpJWb3I0DGN-vs/s320/Picture12.png" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rata</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezLcMJg6Yp8It1eULAkFpgrqK9Oaa8KAnfnLI4SdK3TA9TKPggsXnaeVglu8q7TOuK5tsRG7ZWBD_pV3ZK0_a3viVqariJFeSS0AvQo6MXy-t3kvQkSZtktUZdlAXl2rbERSPTXSglLM/s1600/Picture13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezLcMJg6Yp8It1eULAkFpgrqK9Oaa8KAnfnLI4SdK3TA9TKPggsXnaeVglu8q7TOuK5tsRG7ZWBD_pV3ZK0_a3viVqariJFeSS0AvQo6MXy-t3kvQkSZtktUZdlAXl2rbERSPTXSglLM/s320/Picture13.png" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anjal</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">PENCANTUM</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Digunakan untuk mengunci bahagian yang berputar seperti aci engkol atau roda tenaga.</span></div></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ul><div style="color: red; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">JENIS PENCANTUM</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: purple;">KEKUNCI</span></span> </li>
</ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: purple;"></span></span><br />
<ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Fungsi :- mengunci aci dengan roda tenaga yang berpusing bersama-sama.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Dua jenis kekunci :-</span></li>
</ul><blockquote style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><ol><li><span style="font-size: small;">-kekunci woodruff</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">-kekunci persegi</span></li>
</ol></blockquote><div style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1. KEKUNCI WOODRUFF</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li> <span style="font-size: small;">Dikenali sebagai kunci setengah bulatan. Bahagian bawah kekunci ini dimasukkan ke dalam alur kekunci pada aci dan bahagian atas ke dalam alur takal supaya ia tidak tertanggal.</span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0EpMGmRom0tzqYSGBNuvdjTF5WvP9YFTnWvTzv_zLpOzvJzBHin3lY7qd4Endh5PeylpRMaRuvOYNKlCfxvMDUtIYv2klIKuvix_zXkn8-e6-7su3EKgUFs3vj86L009BvbLWGc-Bj8/s1600/Picture14.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT0EpMGmRom0tzqYSGBNuvdjTF5WvP9YFTnWvTzv_zLpOzvJzBHin3lY7qd4Endh5PeylpRMaRuvOYNKlCfxvMDUtIYv2klIKuvix_zXkn8-e6-7su3EKgUFs3vj86L009BvbLWGc-Bj8/s320/Picture14.jpg" /></a></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: blue; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2. KEKUNCI PERSEGI</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Dikenali sebagai kekunci benam. Sebahagian kekunci ini dimasukkan ke dalam alur kekunci pada aci dan bahagian lain ke dalam alur takal yang dicantumkan. </span></li>
</ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTAlfv55FbPCt1uibOm6EfAtRgahesKma9ZwQ2LpbU294P0KhPFHicBDFnXZrdkht4PH6ZTVX2_m8B351lOOz1GnOO_yoHefGdXg8vsW3-BLq4jewu6lXRb-aO4MYBQtPJsEkEbYFS6c/s1600/Picture15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTAlfv55FbPCt1uibOm6EfAtRgahesKma9ZwQ2LpbU294P0KhPFHicBDFnXZrdkht4PH6ZTVX2_m8B351lOOz1GnOO_yoHefGdXg8vsW3-BLq4jewu6lXRb-aO4MYBQtPJsEkEbYFS6c/s320/Picture15.jpg" /></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br />
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</span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></ul>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-78632395017869706162010-07-31T00:46:00.001+08:002010-08-25T03:35:30.818+08:00Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Nyalaan Enjin<div style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2sdlW_yGnD3CMawgs1B3ofEhID3FzlyFovM1jPks6aI3v-bJQOFjw1LwBPQ7lWSI54kF4_ifS_2ZTZgqzjZ-BuFqk4SPS2ekxhnVHpiU2WNUip_2MvD1irlqKU5JyqZM-QVFXrmgVvs/s1600/Picture1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><br />
</a></div><div style="color: black;">Fungsi sistem penyalaan ialah untuk menghasilkan percikan bunga api untuk pembakaran bahan api petrol. Tenaga daripada pembakaran minyak petrol akan seterusnya menggerakkan omboh dan menghasilkan kuasa bagi enjin. Sistem penyalaan hanya terdapat pada enjin petrol sahaja kerana pada enjin diesel, minyak diesel dibakar dengan menggunakan mampatan udara bertekanan tinggi yang turut menaikkan suhu sehingga minyak diesel terbakar. Komponen-komponen yang terdapat dalam sistem penyalaan ialah :-</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2sdlW_yGnD3CMawgs1B3ofEhID3FzlyFovM1jPks6aI3v-bJQOFjw1LwBPQ7lWSI54kF4_ifS_2ZTZgqzjZ-BuFqk4SPS2ekxhnVHpiU2WNUip_2MvD1irlqKU5JyqZM-QVFXrmgVvs/s1600/Picture1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5501222335289709826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN2sdlW_yGnD3CMawgs1B3ofEhID3FzlyFovM1jPks6aI3v-bJQOFjw1LwBPQ7lWSI54kF4_ifS_2ZTZgqzjZ-BuFqk4SPS2ekxhnVHpiU2WNUip_2MvD1irlqKU5JyqZM-QVFXrmgVvs/s320/Picture1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 241px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;" /></a></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <span style="color: red;">Bateri</span></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Membekalkan arus tenaga eletrik kepada sistem nyalaan kenderaan.</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alternator</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berfungsi untuk mengecaj semula bateri dan membekalkan tenaga untuk sistem eletrikal kenderaan apabila enjin dihidupkan. Alternator automotif menggunakan satu set recifier</div><div style="color: black;">(diode bridge) untuk menukarkan ac ke dc. untuk mengawal voltan output yang dikeluarkan</div><div style="color: black;">auto voltage regulator digunakan.</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gelung penyalaan</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Menaikkan nilai voltan yang dihasilkan oleh bateri bagi memastikan sistem nyalaan dapat berfungsi sepenuhnya.</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pengagih</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Meningkatkan voltan</div><div style="color: black;">~~menentukan arah mana kuasa akan diberikan dari palam pencucuh untuk menentukan piston</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berpusing untuk mengagihkan kuasa kepada palam pencucuh tertentu (arah pusingan adalah 1-3-4-2)</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Palam pencucuh</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berfungsi membakar campuran udara bahan api melalui bunga api eletrik.</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kabel palam pencucuh</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus eletrik daripada pengagih ke palam pencucuh.</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kabel tegangan tinggi</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus eletrik bervoltan tinggi kepada distributor</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kabel tegangan rendah</span></div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black;">~~Berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus eletrik bervoltan rendah<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyqrlkI4lutUReoMksQI2dECYSsjLSWLoDHNV6c0NoP9aAS9YS7HFOcH8uuy8VPitDQWUmr037FxlaeJFP4hw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-46644807627267474292010-07-29T21:38:00.001+08:002010-08-24T01:55:41.974+08:00KESELAMATAN SEMASA DALAM BENGKEL<span style="color: #33ffff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black;">Sebelum memasuki bengkel, kita perlu mengetahui tentang keselamtan di dalam bengkel tersebut. Di peringkat awal, tenaga pengajar akan menerangkan peraturan keselamatan kepada pelajar. Peraturan keselamatan dalam bengkel haruslah dipelajari dari semasa ke semasa. Ini kerana, kita akan memulakan kerja dengan alatan mekanikal yang berisiko tinggi dan boleh mendatangkan bahaya. Sewaktu kita bekerja, kita perlu berwaspada dengan bagi mengelakkan kejadian yang tidak diingini berlaku. Peralatan yang telah digunakan haruslah disimpan kembali ke tempat asal bagi memudahkan pelajar lain mencari dan menggunakannya.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #6600cc;"> </span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuP1KzG0SagOYBdfAFbwtxrq1w3wKIRnAV0uqkByuagER7FvnU5-dr7PCqPXGixhLjehEiONwMFOMNcf8uK8fkEUpn9kdSFT9pFA88Ts7waZYS9qsDKJVTnzToDgx1gHu1n1jMP39Uwk/s1600/Picture1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhuP1KzG0SagOYBdfAFbwtxrq1w3wKIRnAV0uqkByuagER7FvnU5-dr7PCqPXGixhLjehEiONwMFOMNcf8uK8fkEUpn9kdSFT9pFA88Ts7waZYS9qsDKJVTnzToDgx1gHu1n1jMP39Uwk/s400/Picture1.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<span style="color: #33ffff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #6600cc;">KESELAMATAN DIRI SENDIRI</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;">1. Semasa melakukan kerja-kerja kimpalan, kita perlu memakai alat pelindung mata.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 2. Kemaskan pakaian sebelum memulakan kerja serta memakai pakaian yang sesuai semasa melakukan kerja-kerja bengkel.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 3. Gunakan kasut yang bertutup dan bertapak getah semasa bekerja di dalam bengkel.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 4. Bagi pelajar yang berambut panjang, rambut mestilah diikat dengan rapi supaya tidak menganggu kerja-kerja bengkel yang dilakukan.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 5. Elakkan daripada memakai perhiasan diri yang diperbuat daripada logam seperti jam, rantai, emas, loket, cincin, dan lain-lain.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br />
<span style="color: #6600cc;">KESELAMATAN SEMASA MEMBUAT PROJEK</span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiwoCXaDW_kiZ-IX1AWIuCohFa-Ed6L_YFaTbmIahvA5fWlHi0D72Nn9WFkOHP8who1kJxosUPPUjt_UhAjzomprwPf-7o2IWpLrMyRpdcEXTcOhvn_clD_jAfcDvN3GXDeUyhu9gJZfE/s1600/Picture3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiwoCXaDW_kiZ-IX1AWIuCohFa-Ed6L_YFaTbmIahvA5fWlHi0D72Nn9WFkOHP8who1kJxosUPPUjt_UhAjzomprwPf-7o2IWpLrMyRpdcEXTcOhvn_clD_jAfcDvN3GXDeUyhu9gJZfE/s320/Picture3.png" /></a></div><span style="color: #33ffff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #6600cc;"> </span> </span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #33ffff; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black;">1. Keselamatan adalah perkara yang penting dalam membuat sesuatu projek yang berkaitan mekanikal.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 2. Semasa menjalankan kerja, para pelajar hendaklah mematuhi langkah keselamatan untuk mengelakkan berlaku kemalangan.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 3. Semasa menjalankan kerja juga, janganlah kita bersikap cuai atau tidak bekerjasama supaya kemalangan dapat dielakkan.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br />
<span style="color: #6600cc;">KESELAMATAN SEMASA MENGENDALIKAN MESIN BERISIKO TINGGI</span><br />
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<span style="color: black;">Peraturan keselamatan dalam bengkel meliputi beberapa aspek bagi mengelakkan diri dari ditimpa kemalangan.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 1. Aspek pertama ialah pemakaian dan penampilan diri semasa berada di dalam bengkel.</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> Contoh: Kasut tapak getah, alas tangan, dan pelindung mata.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 2. Peka dan patuh arahan yang diberikan.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 3. Seterusnya melakukan aktiviti amali mengikut prosedur dan di bawah perhatian pakar agar tidak berlaku sebarang kemalangan yang tidak diingini.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 4. Pastikan keselamatan diri dan rakan-rakan semasa mengendalikan mesin.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> 5. Kemalangan yang perlu dielakkan.</span><br style="color: black;" /> <br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> ~~Kebakaran atau letupan</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> ~~Kecederaan terkena benda tajam</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> ~~Renjatan eletrik</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;"> ~~Terjatuh atau tergelincir</span></span></span>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2724348306340528288.post-25622763835621117002010-07-27T18:25:00.003+08:002010-08-24T20:11:54.684+08:00SISTEM ENJIN EMPAT LEJANG<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirOUg1WpLEp66CR2vR2fLm5_e1HoFzTgQYwjix6jEvqJtFu08z4I5hVgsNbJb-gkMM_pq3PyXBFKe5BWA20mX4_NVUyaRUgurHDCGhoIw1tSqgiex3o-rN-C9LE8r-tSDAWqGztHHy9Xg/s1600/imagess.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirOUg1WpLEp66CR2vR2fLm5_e1HoFzTgQYwjix6jEvqJtFu08z4I5hVgsNbJb-gkMM_pq3PyXBFKe5BWA20mX4_NVUyaRUgurHDCGhoIw1tSqgiex3o-rN-C9LE8r-tSDAWqGztHHy9Xg/s400/imagess.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hari ini, jenis enjin pembakaran dalaman yang paling lazim digunakan pada kenderaan seperti kereta, bas, lori dan mosikal adalah jenis enjin empat lejang samada enjin petrol ataupun diesel. Enjin empat lejang mendapat namanya daripada empat proses(lejang) yang masing-masing mempunyai tugas khas iaitu masukan, mampatan, perolehan kuasa dan ekzos.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Lejang Masukan</span></div><ol style="color: red; text-align: center;"></ol><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Semasa berlaku lejang masukan, injap masukan akan terbuka manakala injap ekzos akan tertutup. Omboh akan bergerak keatas dan aci engkol bergerak setengah pusingan.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrEVA_E023zT_NOB8WUiqMttyEIAhPpCP3WxTxFfY6r-TBJ84B9LRAoEEgHjaUoHRIf4Ttx3yBe-J34QApr1HT7eD1pBGq3WEbnBP8uSf01HXD4Ic-v2myQ9a4wGUCQwBLjKPi14lhsk/s1600/masuk.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLrEVA_E023zT_NOB8WUiqMttyEIAhPpCP3WxTxFfY6r-TBJ84B9LRAoEEgHjaUoHRIf4Ttx3yBe-J34QApr1HT7eD1pBGq3WEbnBP8uSf01HXD4Ic-v2myQ9a4wGUCQwBLjKPi14lhsk/s200/masuk.png" width="118" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Lejang mampatan</span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Semasa lejang mampatan, omboh bergerak semula dari titik takat atas manakala injap masukan dan injap ekzos tertutup serta ruang silinder tertutup. Campuran udara dan bahan api dimampatkan menghasilkan tekanan dan suhu yang tinggi dlam silinder. Aci engkol telah berpusing sebanyak satu pusingan.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhd3-vbmcT1G69zgAJoOz0c3YsK4GUzzQnGWyUfsyIK7cI3YsWU-luHIlO-pqPgtg89TD_xhRonJuHEUUe6GKeRT4sx1AQoJ4T4JcwMXktuO0_GwxZNLny3Bet75j4t9mHce6ZS2q0O8/s1600/mmpat.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguhd3-vbmcT1G69zgAJoOz0c3YsK4GUzzQnGWyUfsyIK7cI3YsWU-luHIlO-pqPgtg89TD_xhRonJuHEUUe6GKeRT4sx1AQoJ4T4JcwMXktuO0_GwxZNLny3Bet75j4t9mHce6ZS2q0O8/s200/mmpat.png" width="122" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: red;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;">3. Lejang kuasa</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Omboh masih berada ti takat titik atas, satu percikkan bunga api dihasilkan oleh palam pencucuh. Percikkan bunga api tersebut menghasilkan pembakaran dalam silinder. Campuran yang terbakar ini mengeluarkan haba dan tekanan yang tinggi, situasi ini menyebabakan omboh tertolak dari takat titik atas ke takat titik bawah. Ketika proses ini, kedua-dua injap tertutup dan aci engkol telah berpusing satu setengah pusingan.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWqKm_syuxdVSheZaIC_tA0LObKuiTg01cOwrE6TNdk0i72if7okVX_KCucr-ZfsamdgbEFC9sy8nAz7829q-lCkQFDIFpwrpAASCxvYgUkcMAXli8tUlXgKYPi35PY16YPknxvdY7D1Y/s1600/kuasa.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWqKm_syuxdVSheZaIC_tA0LObKuiTg01cOwrE6TNdk0i72if7okVX_KCucr-ZfsamdgbEFC9sy8nAz7829q-lCkQFDIFpwrpAASCxvYgUkcMAXli8tUlXgKYPi35PY16YPknxvdY7D1Y/s200/kuasa.png" width="133" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: red; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Lejang ekzos</span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Semasa berlaku lejang ekzos, injap ekzos terbuka untuk pengeluaran hasil pembakaran dalam enjin. Hasil pembakaran akan keluar melalui liang ekzos. Omboh digerakkan semula dari titik takat bawah ke titik takat atas. Aci engkol telah berpusing sebanyak 2 pusingan untuk melengkapkan kitaran 4 lejang.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpd7Al8nRINd7EDYTOEC8FtJ5XVCbmn7X7gOqSz2oYwptRkqEI6s7hKD02c0VBfP4kZlV_cwZM-uf74dZIiUHH9LA0brqsPbFdZXzCg7-BB0B9JIL6wEyqREs4P2QX6laqt5HHpwilpjA/s1600/ekzos.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpd7Al8nRINd7EDYTOEC8FtJ5XVCbmn7X7gOqSz2oYwptRkqEI6s7hKD02c0VBfP4kZlV_cwZM-uf74dZIiUHH9LA0brqsPbFdZXzCg7-BB0B9JIL6wEyqREs4P2QX6laqt5HHpwilpjA/s200/ekzos.png" width="121" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Keempat-empat proses ini akan sentiasa bergerak selagi enjin dihidupkan, proses empat lejang ini dapat ditunjukkan dengan lebih mendalam melalui video ini :-</span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzLhjM_Wqjp_O3whz2pq0CtJ7H9MOxsdZqrp9i32AxqbKKMOrPvrIHjZBDrgQuvhECYyVBcHHVYr9PdDLkv_A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></div>HUSAINI RAMLIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16706487738126827726noreply@blogger.com0